Background and Rationale Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can manifest with typical symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation) or extraesophageal symptoms (cough, hoarseness, globus), but the relationship between pathophysiological characteristics and symptomatic presentation remains controversial. 24-hour pH-impedance monitoring represents the gold standard for GERD diagnosis; however, specific patterns in patients with exclusively extraesophageal symptoms are poorly characterized. Objectives To compare pH-impedance, demographic, and clinical characteristics between patients with exclusively atypical symptoms and patients with typical symptoms associated with extraesophageal manifestations, in order to identify distinctive pathophysiological patterns that may guide personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Methods Prospective study of 1,460 patients undergoing 24-hour pH-impedance monitoring at our center (February 2013-February 2025). Patients were stratified into the presence of only atypical symptoms group (n=227, 15.5%) and both typical and atypical symptoms group (n=1,233, 84.5%). Demographic, clinical, manometric, and pH-impedance parameters were analyzed, including acid exposure time (AET), reflux episodes, symptom-reflux correlation, and diagnostic classification according to Lyon Consensus 2.0. Statistical analysis utilized appropriate tests for continuous and categorical variables with correction for multiple comparisons. Results Patients with atypical symptoms showed significantly lower esophageal acid exposure (mediana AET 0.001 vs 0.005, p<0.001), reduced number of total acid reflux episodes (18.0 vs 25.0, p=0.002), and lesser extent of both superior and inferior reflux. Diagnostic distribution differed significantly: the atypical symptoms group showed higher prevalence of GERD exclusion (65.0% vs 42.2%, p<0.001) and lower prevalence of confirmed GERD (10.3% vs 19.4%, p=0.002). No patient with atypical symptoms received a diagnosis of functional heartburn (0% vs 9.8%, p<0.001). Paradoxically, therapeutic outcome was superior in the atypical symptoms group (39.7% vs 33.2% good response, p=0.015). Symptom persistence during monitoring was significantly reduced for extraesophageal compared to typical symptoms. Conclusions Patients with isolated extraesophageal symptoms present a distinctive pH-impedance profile characterized by reduced acid exposure and fewer reflux episodes, suggesting different pathophysiological mechanisms from classical GERD. pH-impedance monitoring emerges as a precision medicine tool to identify the subgroup of patients with extraesophageal symptoms who will benefit from acid suppression therapy, avoiding often ineffective empirical treatments. These results support the development of personalized diagnostic algorithms and alternative therapeutic approaches for patients with extraesophageal symptoms and normal pH-impedance monitoring, contributing to the evolution toward individualized management of esophago-gastric disorders.
Background La malattia da reflusso gastroesofageo (GERD) può manifestarsi con sintomi tipici (pirosi, rigurgito) o extraesofagei (tosse, raucedine, globus), ma la relazione tra caratteristiche fisiopatologiche e presentazione sintomatologica rimane controversa. La pH-impedenziometria delle 24 ore rappresenta il gold standard per la diagnosi di GERD, tuttavia i pattern specifici nei pazienti con sintomi esclusivamente extraesofagei sono scarsamente caratterizzati. Obiettivi Confrontare le caratteristiche pH-impedenziometriche, demografiche e cliniche tra pazienti con sintomi esclusivamente non-tipici e pazienti con sintomi tipici associati a manifestazioni extraesofagee, al fine di identificare pattern fisiopatologici distintivi che possano guidare l'approccio diagnostico e terapeutico personalizzato. Metodi Studio prospettico su 1.460 pazienti sottoposti a pH-impedenziometria delle 24 ore presso il nostro centro (febbraio 2013-febbraio 2025). I pazienti sono stati stratificati in gruppo in cui i pazienti presentavano solo sintomi atipici (n=227, 15.5%) e gruppo in cui invece presentavano anche sintomi tipici (n=1.233, 84.5%). Sono stati analizzati parametri demografici, clinici, manometrici e pH-impedenziometrici, inclusi tempo di esposizione acida (AET), episodi di reflusso, correlazione sintomo-reflusso e classificazione diagnostica secondo Lyon Consensus 2.0. L'analisi statistica ha utilizzato test appropriati per variabili continue e categoriche con correzione per confronti multipli. Risultati I pazienti con sintomi non-tipici presentavano significativamente minore esposizione acida esofagea (AET mediano 0.001 vs 0.005, p<0.001), ridotto numero di episodi di reflusso acido totali (18.0 vs 25.0, p=0.002) e minore estensione del reflusso superiore e inferiore. La distribuzione diagnostica differiva significativamente: il gruppo sintomi non-tipici mostrava maggiore prevalenza di esclusione di GERD (65.0% vs 42.2%, p<0.001) e minore prevalenza di GERD confermata (10.3% vs 19.4%, p=0.002). Nessun paziente con sintomi non-tipici riceveva diagnosi di heartburn funzionale (0% vs 9.8%, p<0.001). Paradossalmente, l'outcome terapeutico risultava superiore nel gruppo sintomi non-tipici (39.7% vs 33.2% di risposta buona, p=0.015). La persistenza sintomatologica durante il monitoraggio era significativamente ridotta per i sintomi extraesofagei rispetto a quelli tipici. Conclusioni I pazienti con sintomi extraesofagei isolati presentano un profilo pH-impedenziometrico distintivo caratterizzato da ridotta esposizione acida e minor numero di episodi di reflusso, suggerendo meccanismi fisiopatologici diversi dalla GERD classica. La pH-impedenziometria emerge come strumento di precision medicine per identificare il sottogruppo di pazienti con sintomi extraesofagei che beneficerà della terapia antisecretoria, evitando trattamenti empirici spesso inefficaci. Questi risultati supportano lo sviluppo di algoritmi diagnostici personalizzati e approcci terapeutici alternativi per i pazienti con sintomi extraesofagei e pH-impedenziometria normale, contribuendo all'evoluzione verso una gestione individualizzata dei disturbi esofago-gastrici.
Valutazione pH-impedenziometrica in pazienti con sintomatologia esofagea ed extraesofagea
CIRLAN, EMANUEL
2024/2025
Abstract
Background and Rationale Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can manifest with typical symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation) or extraesophageal symptoms (cough, hoarseness, globus), but the relationship between pathophysiological characteristics and symptomatic presentation remains controversial. 24-hour pH-impedance monitoring represents the gold standard for GERD diagnosis; however, specific patterns in patients with exclusively extraesophageal symptoms are poorly characterized. Objectives To compare pH-impedance, demographic, and clinical characteristics between patients with exclusively atypical symptoms and patients with typical symptoms associated with extraesophageal manifestations, in order to identify distinctive pathophysiological patterns that may guide personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Methods Prospective study of 1,460 patients undergoing 24-hour pH-impedance monitoring at our center (February 2013-February 2025). Patients were stratified into the presence of only atypical symptoms group (n=227, 15.5%) and both typical and atypical symptoms group (n=1,233, 84.5%). Demographic, clinical, manometric, and pH-impedance parameters were analyzed, including acid exposure time (AET), reflux episodes, symptom-reflux correlation, and diagnostic classification according to Lyon Consensus 2.0. Statistical analysis utilized appropriate tests for continuous and categorical variables with correction for multiple comparisons. Results Patients with atypical symptoms showed significantly lower esophageal acid exposure (mediana AET 0.001 vs 0.005, p<0.001), reduced number of total acid reflux episodes (18.0 vs 25.0, p=0.002), and lesser extent of both superior and inferior reflux. Diagnostic distribution differed significantly: the atypical symptoms group showed higher prevalence of GERD exclusion (65.0% vs 42.2%, p<0.001) and lower prevalence of confirmed GERD (10.3% vs 19.4%, p=0.002). No patient with atypical symptoms received a diagnosis of functional heartburn (0% vs 9.8%, p<0.001). Paradoxically, therapeutic outcome was superior in the atypical symptoms group (39.7% vs 33.2% good response, p=0.015). Symptom persistence during monitoring was significantly reduced for extraesophageal compared to typical symptoms. Conclusions Patients with isolated extraesophageal symptoms present a distinctive pH-impedance profile characterized by reduced acid exposure and fewer reflux episodes, suggesting different pathophysiological mechanisms from classical GERD. pH-impedance monitoring emerges as a precision medicine tool to identify the subgroup of patients with extraesophageal symptoms who will benefit from acid suppression therapy, avoiding often ineffective empirical treatments. These results support the development of personalized diagnostic algorithms and alternative therapeutic approaches for patients with extraesophageal symptoms and normal pH-impedance monitoring, contributing to the evolution toward individualized management of esophago-gastric disorders.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86475