Background: Grade of carotid artery stenosis may have an important impact on the outcomes of carotid artery stenting. The presence of a severe grade of stenosis may carry a high embolization risk owing to the increase the number of attempts needed for lesion crossing and the plaque attrition with the guidewire and embolic protection device. Currently, there is limited evidence on the influence of stenosis grade on the outcomes of Carotid Artery Stenting. Additionally, the outcomes of new-generation dual-layer stents in cases of high-grade stenosis are underreported, as well as the overall impact of stenosis grade on mid-term outcomes. Aim: to investigate the impact of grade of stenosis on early and mid-term outcomes of transfemoral carotid artery stenting (CAS), using different stent designs. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis >70% undergoing CAS (2012 - 2024). Grade of stenosis, plaque length, and Agatston calcification score were assessed on preoperative computed tomography angiogram. Grade of stenosis was classified as Very-high-grade (VHGS) if >85% by NASCET criteria, High-Grade (HGS) if 70-84%. Both dual-layer (DL) and old-generation (OG) open-cell or closed-cell stent designs were used. Endpoints were early (30-days) stroke and 3-years freedom from restenosis, defined by any occlusion, related reintervention, or restenosis >80% of the stented carotid artery. Results: There were 437 CAS procedures, 54 (12%) with a VHGS and 383 (88%) with a HGS. Comparing VHGS vs HGS, lesion length (1.3±0.8 cm vs 1.4±0.9 cm; P=.399), Agatston score (129±124 vs 199±168; P=.110), and use of DL stent (52% vs 67%; P=.057) were similar. An embolic protection device was successfully used in all cases, while VHGS more frequently received pre-dilatation before stent deployment (25% vs 1%; P<.001). Overall postoperative stroke occurred in 2.2% patients, with a 0.5% major stroke rate. Stroke rate was 6% in VHGS and 0.5% in HGS (P=.001). After multiple logistic regression, grade of stenosis>85% (OR 4.44; 10 95%CI 1.80-9.40; P=.001) and plaque length>15 mm (OR 1.71; 95%CI 1.08-2.58; P=.025) were significantly associated with postoperative stroke. In the subset of VHGS, use of a DL stent (OR 0.05; 95%CI 0.02-0.99; P=.043) and predilatation (OR 0.09; 95%CI 0.06-0.92; P=.011) were protective from postoperative stroke. Three-years freedom from restenosis was VHGS: 92.4±4.5%, HGS: 95±2%; P=.111, with a 99±1% overall freedom ipsilateral stroke. Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that stent design (HR 1.63, 95%CI 0.36-15.44; P=.559) and grade of stenosis (HR 1.86, 95%CI 0.32-7.04; P=.228) were not associated with the risk of restenosis. VHGS with Agatston score >400 had a significantly increased risk of restenosis (HR 2.72, 95%CI 1.92-60.72; P=.014) regardless the type of stent used (HR 0.23, 95%CI 0.07-5.17; P=.364). Conclusion: Stenting of carotid artery stenosis >85% carry a higher risk of postoperative stroke, especially in case of long plaques>15 mm. Predilatation and use of DL stents may mitigate the risk of postoperative stroke in case of VHGS. Grade of stenosis by itself was not associated with mid-term outcomes, but heavily calcified stenosis >85% had a higher risk for restenosis, regardless the type of stent used.
Presupposti: Il grado di stenosi dell’arteria carotide può avere un ruolo determinante negli esiti dello stenting carotideo (CAS). In particolare, stenosi di grado severo si associano potenzialmente ad un maggior rischio di embolizzazione per via del più elevato numero di tentativi necessari per attraversare la lesione e dell’attrito esercitato sulla placca dai dispositivi endovascolari. Scopo dello studio: Indagare l’impatto del grado di stenosi sui risultati a breve e medio termine dello stenting carotideo condotto per via transfemorale, utilizzando varie tipologie di stent. Materiali e metodi: È stata condotta un’analisi retrospettiva monocentrica su pazienti con stenosi carotidea asintomatica >70% sottoposti a stenting carotideo transfemorale (CAS) tra il 2012 e il 2024. Il grado di stenosi, la lunghezza della placca e lo score di calcificazione di Agatston sono stati valutati tramite angio-TC preoperatoria. Il grado di stenosi è stato classificato come stenosi di grado molto elevato (VHGS) se > 85% secondo i criteri NASCET, e stenosi di grado elevato (HGS) se compreso tra 70 - 84%. Sono stati utilizzati sia stent a doppio strato (DL) sia stent di vecchia generazione (OG). Gli endpoint considerati erano: ictus precoce (entro 30 giorni) e assenza di restenosi a 3 anni. Risultati: Sono state analizzate 437 procedure di stenting carotideo, di cui 54 (12%) riguardavano stenosi di grado molto elevato (VHGS) e 383 (88%) stenosi di grado elevato (HGS). Confrontando i due gruppi, la lunghezza della lesione (1.3 ± 0.8 cm vs 1.4 ± 0.9 cm; p = 0.399), lo score di Agatston (129 ± 124 vs 199 ± 168; p = 0.110) e l’impiego di stent a doppio strato (52% vs 67%; p = 0.057) presentavano valori simili. In tutti i casi è stato utilizzato con successo un sistema di protezione embolica, mentre nei pazienti del gruppo VHGS è stata più frequentemente eseguita una predilatazione (25% contro 1%; p <0.001). Nel complesso, l’ictus postoperatorio si è verificato nel 2.2% dei pazienti, con un tasso di ictus maggiore dello 0.5%. Il tasso di ictus è stato del 6% nei pazienti con VHGS e dello 0.5% nei pazienti con HGS (p = 0.001). L’analisi di regressione logistica multivariata ha mostrato che una stenosi > 85% (OR 4.44; IC95% 1.80 - 9.40; p = 0.001) e una placca con lunghezza >15 mm (OR 1.71; IC95% 1.08 - 2.58; p = 0.025) sono significativamente associate a un rischio aumentato di ictus postoperatorio. Tra i pazienti con VHGS, l’utilizzo di uno stent a doppio strato (OR 0.05; IC95% 0.02 – 0.99; p = 0.043) e la predilatazione (OR 0.09; IC95% 0.06 – 0.92; p = 0.011) si sono dimostrati fattori protettivi per l’ictus postoperatorio. A tre anni, la libertà dalla restenosi è risultata di 92.4 ± 4.5% per HGS e 85.0 ± 13% per VHGS (p = 0.111), con una libertà complessiva da ictus controlaterale del 99±1%. L’analisi di Cox ha evidenziato che né il tipo di stent (HR 1.63; IC95% 0.36 - 15.44; p = 0.559) né il grado di stenosi (HR 1,86; IC95% 0.32 – 7.04; p = 0.228) erano associati a rischio aumentato di restenosi. Tuttavia, nel gruppo VHGS valori di Agatston score > 400 erano significativamente associati a un rischio più elevato di restenosi (HR 2.72; IC95% 1.92 – 60.72; p = 0.014), indipendentemente dal tipo di stent utilizzato (HR 0.23; IC95% 0.07 – 5.17; p = 0.364). Conclusioni: Lo stenting di arterie carotidi con stenosi > 85% comporta un rischio maggiore di ictus post-operatorio, soprattutto in presenza di placche lunghe > 15 mm. La predilatazione e l’utilizzo di stent a doppio strato possono ridurre il rischio di ictus postoperatorio nei casi di VHGS. Il grado di stenosi da solo non è risultato associato agli esiti a medio termine, ma le stenosi >85% e fortemente calcifiche presentano un rischio aumentato di restenosi, indipendentemente dal tipo di stent.
Impatto del grado di stenosi sui risultati a breve e medio termine dello stenting carotideo
KALA, ERALD
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Grade of carotid artery stenosis may have an important impact on the outcomes of carotid artery stenting. The presence of a severe grade of stenosis may carry a high embolization risk owing to the increase the number of attempts needed for lesion crossing and the plaque attrition with the guidewire and embolic protection device. Currently, there is limited evidence on the influence of stenosis grade on the outcomes of Carotid Artery Stenting. Additionally, the outcomes of new-generation dual-layer stents in cases of high-grade stenosis are underreported, as well as the overall impact of stenosis grade on mid-term outcomes. Aim: to investigate the impact of grade of stenosis on early and mid-term outcomes of transfemoral carotid artery stenting (CAS), using different stent designs. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis >70% undergoing CAS (2012 - 2024). Grade of stenosis, plaque length, and Agatston calcification score were assessed on preoperative computed tomography angiogram. Grade of stenosis was classified as Very-high-grade (VHGS) if >85% by NASCET criteria, High-Grade (HGS) if 70-84%. Both dual-layer (DL) and old-generation (OG) open-cell or closed-cell stent designs were used. Endpoints were early (30-days) stroke and 3-years freedom from restenosis, defined by any occlusion, related reintervention, or restenosis >80% of the stented carotid artery. Results: There were 437 CAS procedures, 54 (12%) with a VHGS and 383 (88%) with a HGS. Comparing VHGS vs HGS, lesion length (1.3±0.8 cm vs 1.4±0.9 cm; P=.399), Agatston score (129±124 vs 199±168; P=.110), and use of DL stent (52% vs 67%; P=.057) were similar. An embolic protection device was successfully used in all cases, while VHGS more frequently received pre-dilatation before stent deployment (25% vs 1%; P<.001). Overall postoperative stroke occurred in 2.2% patients, with a 0.5% major stroke rate. Stroke rate was 6% in VHGS and 0.5% in HGS (P=.001). After multiple logistic regression, grade of stenosis>85% (OR 4.44; 10 95%CI 1.80-9.40; P=.001) and plaque length>15 mm (OR 1.71; 95%CI 1.08-2.58; P=.025) were significantly associated with postoperative stroke. In the subset of VHGS, use of a DL stent (OR 0.05; 95%CI 0.02-0.99; P=.043) and predilatation (OR 0.09; 95%CI 0.06-0.92; P=.011) were protective from postoperative stroke. Three-years freedom from restenosis was VHGS: 92.4±4.5%, HGS: 95±2%; P=.111, with a 99±1% overall freedom ipsilateral stroke. Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that stent design (HR 1.63, 95%CI 0.36-15.44; P=.559) and grade of stenosis (HR 1.86, 95%CI 0.32-7.04; P=.228) were not associated with the risk of restenosis. VHGS with Agatston score >400 had a significantly increased risk of restenosis (HR 2.72, 95%CI 1.92-60.72; P=.014) regardless the type of stent used (HR 0.23, 95%CI 0.07-5.17; P=.364). Conclusion: Stenting of carotid artery stenosis >85% carry a higher risk of postoperative stroke, especially in case of long plaques>15 mm. Predilatation and use of DL stents may mitigate the risk of postoperative stroke in case of VHGS. Grade of stenosis by itself was not associated with mid-term outcomes, but heavily calcified stenosis >85% had a higher risk for restenosis, regardless the type of stent used.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86476