Background: The differential diagnosis between Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy is challenging, as both diseases share similar features, including autonomic dysfunction, which leads to rapid worsening of the patients' quality of life and can impact their survival. A late diagnosis implies a slimmer chance for patients to be treated properly and to be included in clinical trials for their specific disease. Aim of the study: To characterize the features of autonomic dysfunction in a cohort of patients diagnosed with PD and MSA. To identify elements which can support the differential diagnosis between the two disorders through standardized clinical and instrumental evaluations, with a particular focus on urinary and cardiovascular autonomic systems involvement. Methods: A cohort of 52 patients, 20 diagnosed with PD and 32 diagnosed with MSA, underwent a clinical through the MDS-UPDRS and UMSARS scales. The PD subgroup included exclusively patients with significant autonomic symptoms. The autonomic dysfunction was evaluated clinically through the COMPASS-31 score. A subgroup of patients underwent a neuropsychological evaluation and neuroimaging, both structural through brain MRI and functional through PET/MRI. Abdominal ultrasound was employed to measure post-void residual volume to evaluate urinary function. In order to assess the involvement of the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, [123I]MIBG cardiac scintigraphy and cardiovascular autonomic tests were performed. Skin biopsy was performed in a subgroup of patients. Results: Among patient-reported symptoms, urinary urgency was significantly more prevalent in the MSA group. Overall, the clinical severity of autonomic symptoms, assessed using the COMPASS31 score, was similar in PD and MSA patients, with the exception of the genitourinary domain, in which MSA patients exhibited significantly higher scores (p<0.01). Ultrasound revealed a significantly higher frequency of post-void residual volumes >100 mL in the MSA group compared to the PD group (p < 0.01). 24-hour ABPM revealed a loss of the physiological nocturnal BP dipping pattern in 90% of the PD cohort and 70% of MSA patients, with a reverse dipping profile observed in over 60% and 45% of cases respectively. Cardiovascular autonomic testing did not identify any parameter capable of reliably differentiating the patterns of autonomic dysfunction in PD and MSA. A moderate positive correlation emerged between the severity of orthostatic hypotension, quantified by blood pressure changes at 3 and 10 minutes during the head-up tilt test, and the COMPASS31 score in the OH domain. [123I]MIBG cardiac scintigraphy showed reduced tracer uptake in all PD patients, whereas 60% of MSA patients exhibited normal uptake. MRI findings revealed a significantly higher frequency of putaminal atrophy in the MSA group compared to the PD group (p<0.01). The detection of α-synuclein on skin biopsy through immunohistochemistry demonstrated high sensitivity in identifying α-synucleinopathies, with α-synuclein positivity found in all PD patients and in 73% of MSA cases, and no significant differences observed in skin localization patterns. Conclusions: Although the identification of a definitive biomarker for the differential diagnosis of PD and MSA remains elusive, employing a combination of multiple biomarkers may help improving diagnostic accuracy. Particular focus should be directed towards diagnostic approaches supported by the strongest evidence, notably urinary dysfunction assessed through post-void residual volume measurement, imaging modalities such as [123I]MIBG cardiac scintigraphy and MRI, and the evaluation of α-synuclein presence and distribution through skin biopsy. Cardiovascular autonomic testing and 24-h ABPM should be employed to evaluate the presence and severity of cardiovascular autonomic failure, given its impact on patients’ prognosis and quality of life
Background: La diagnosi differenziale tra malattia di Parkinson (PD) e atrofia multisistemica (MSA) è complicata, poiché condividono varie manifestazioni clinici, tra cui la disfunzione autonomica, il cui impatto sulla qualità di vita e sulla prognosi dei pazienti è elevato, soprattutto se il dominio cardiovascolare è interessato. Una diagnosi tardiva implica una minore possibilità per i pazienti di essere trattati adeguatamente e di essere inclusi in trial clinici per la loro specifica malattia. Obiettivi dello studio: Descrivere le caratteristiche della disfunzione autonomica in una coorte di pazienti con diagnosi di PD e di MSA. Identificare elementi per supportare la diagnosi differenziale tra le due malattie attraverso valutazioni cliniche e strumentali standardizzate, con focus sui sistemi urinario e cardiovascolare. Metodi: Una coorte di 52 pazienti, 20 con diagnosi di PD e 32 con diagnosi di MSA, è stata sottoposta ad una valutazione clinica standardizzata utilizzando le scale MDS-UPDRS e UMSARS. Il gruppo PD comprendeva esclusivamente pazienti con sintomi autonomici significativi. La disfunzione autonomica è stata valutata clinicamente attraverso la scala COMPASS-31. Un sottogruppo di pazienti è stato sottoposto ad una valutazione neuropsicologica e a neuroimaging, attraverso risonanza magnetica e PET/RM. La funzione urinaria è stata valutata tramite ecografia addominale con misurazione del volume residuo post-minzionale. Per valutare il coinvolgimento del sistema nervoso autonomo cardiovascolare, sono stati eseguiti il monitoraggio pressorio continuo delle 24 ore, la scintigrafia miocardica con [123I]MIBG e i test autonomici cardiovascolari. In un sottogruppo di pazienti è stata eseguita la biopsia cutanea. Risultati: Tra i sintomi riportati dai pazienti, l'urgenza minzionale era significativamente più diffusa nei pazienti con MSA. La severità dei sintomi autonomici, valutata con la scala COMPASS31, è risultata simile nei due gruppi, ad eccezione del dominio genitourinario, in cui i pazienti con MSA hanno mostrato punteggi significativamente più elevati (p<0,01). La misurazione del residuo post-minzionale ha dimostrato una frequenza significativamente maggiore di volumi >100 ml nel gruppo con MSA (p<0,01). Il monitoraggio continuo della pressione arteriosa delle 24 ore ha rivelato una perdita del pattern fisiologico di calo notturno della PA nel 90% della coorte PD e nel 70% dei pazienti con MSA. I test autonomici cardiovascolari non hanno identificato parametri in grado di differenziare in modo affidabile la disautonomia nel PD e nella MSA. La scintigrafia cardiaca ha mostrato una ridotta captazione del tracciante in tutti i pazienti con PD, mentre il 60% dei pazienti con MSA ha mostrato una captazione normale. I risultati della RM hanno rivelato una maggiore frequenza di atrofia del putamen nei pazienti con MSA (p<0,01). La biopsia di cute ha dimostrato un'elevata sensibilità nell'identificazione delle α-sinucleinopatie, rilevando mediante immunoistochimica depositi di α-sinucleina in tutti i pazienti con PD e nel 73% dei casi di MSA, senza differenze significative nei pattern di localizzazione cutanea. Conclusioni: Sebbene l’identificazione di un biomarcatore definitivo per la diagnosi differenziale tra PD e MSA resti un obiettivo lontano, l’impiego combinato di più biomarcatori può migliorare l’accuratezza diagnostica. È opportuno focalizzarsi sugli aspetti con dati più consistenti, in particolare la disfunzione urinaria valutata attraverso la misurazione del residuo post-minzionale, le modalità di imaging quali la scintigrafia cardiaca e la RM, e la valutazione della distribuzione di α-sinucleina attraverso la biopsia cutanea. I test autonomici cardiovascolari e il 24-h ABPM dovrebbero essere utilizzati per valutare la presenza e la gravità della disfunzione autonomica cardiovascolare, dato il suo impatto sulla prognosi e sulla qualità della vita dei pazienti.
Markers of autonomic dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy
PARISATTO, FRANCESCA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: The differential diagnosis between Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy is challenging, as both diseases share similar features, including autonomic dysfunction, which leads to rapid worsening of the patients' quality of life and can impact their survival. A late diagnosis implies a slimmer chance for patients to be treated properly and to be included in clinical trials for their specific disease. Aim of the study: To characterize the features of autonomic dysfunction in a cohort of patients diagnosed with PD and MSA. To identify elements which can support the differential diagnosis between the two disorders through standardized clinical and instrumental evaluations, with a particular focus on urinary and cardiovascular autonomic systems involvement. Methods: A cohort of 52 patients, 20 diagnosed with PD and 32 diagnosed with MSA, underwent a clinical through the MDS-UPDRS and UMSARS scales. The PD subgroup included exclusively patients with significant autonomic symptoms. The autonomic dysfunction was evaluated clinically through the COMPASS-31 score. A subgroup of patients underwent a neuropsychological evaluation and neuroimaging, both structural through brain MRI and functional through PET/MRI. Abdominal ultrasound was employed to measure post-void residual volume to evaluate urinary function. In order to assess the involvement of the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, [123I]MIBG cardiac scintigraphy and cardiovascular autonomic tests were performed. Skin biopsy was performed in a subgroup of patients. Results: Among patient-reported symptoms, urinary urgency was significantly more prevalent in the MSA group. Overall, the clinical severity of autonomic symptoms, assessed using the COMPASS31 score, was similar in PD and MSA patients, with the exception of the genitourinary domain, in which MSA patients exhibited significantly higher scores (p<0.01). Ultrasound revealed a significantly higher frequency of post-void residual volumes >100 mL in the MSA group compared to the PD group (p < 0.01). 24-hour ABPM revealed a loss of the physiological nocturnal BP dipping pattern in 90% of the PD cohort and 70% of MSA patients, with a reverse dipping profile observed in over 60% and 45% of cases respectively. Cardiovascular autonomic testing did not identify any parameter capable of reliably differentiating the patterns of autonomic dysfunction in PD and MSA. A moderate positive correlation emerged between the severity of orthostatic hypotension, quantified by blood pressure changes at 3 and 10 minutes during the head-up tilt test, and the COMPASS31 score in the OH domain. [123I]MIBG cardiac scintigraphy showed reduced tracer uptake in all PD patients, whereas 60% of MSA patients exhibited normal uptake. MRI findings revealed a significantly higher frequency of putaminal atrophy in the MSA group compared to the PD group (p<0.01). The detection of α-synuclein on skin biopsy through immunohistochemistry demonstrated high sensitivity in identifying α-synucleinopathies, with α-synuclein positivity found in all PD patients and in 73% of MSA cases, and no significant differences observed in skin localization patterns. Conclusions: Although the identification of a definitive biomarker for the differential diagnosis of PD and MSA remains elusive, employing a combination of multiple biomarkers may help improving diagnostic accuracy. Particular focus should be directed towards diagnostic approaches supported by the strongest evidence, notably urinary dysfunction assessed through post-void residual volume measurement, imaging modalities such as [123I]MIBG cardiac scintigraphy and MRI, and the evaluation of α-synuclein presence and distribution through skin biopsy. Cardiovascular autonomic testing and 24-h ABPM should be employed to evaluate the presence and severity of cardiovascular autonomic failure, given its impact on patients’ prognosis and quality of life| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86477