Introduction: Osseous microvascular reconstruction of the head and neck region represents a complex surgical challenge, especially following oncologic resections or in advanced cases of osteoradionecrosis. These conditions often require demolitive procedures that result in significant functional deficits and aesthetic deformities. therefore, an accurate and effective reconstruction is essential. The fibular free flap remains the current gold standard. However, the scapular flap has been increasingly recognized as a valid alternative, especially in selected clinical scenarios. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to compare fibular and scapular osseous free flaps in maxillofacial reconstruction, with a focus on surgical, clinical-functional, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). The ultimate goal is to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of the two techniques and to support a better and personalized approach to flap selection. Materials and Methods: A retrospective comparative analysis was conducted on adult patients who underwent microvascular reconstruction of the head and neck region between 2015 and 2025 at the Maxillofacial and ENT Surgery Unit of the University Hospital of Padua. Patients were divided into two groups according to the type of osseous free flap used: fibula or scapula. Clinical records were reviewed to collect demographic, surgical, and functional data, including the type of bone defect, soft tissue reconstruction strategy, the use of custom-made plates, operative time, length of hospital stay, onset of early and late complications, and the need for urgent or elective surgical revisions. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed through validated self-administered questionnaires: the DASH and EFAS scores for donor-site morbidity, the Speech Handicap Index (SHI) for speech, the MDADI for dysphagia, the EORTC QLQ-H&N35 for quality of life, and the “Appearance” module of the FACE-Q for facial aesthetics. Results: A total of 69 patients were recruited, including 37 who underwent reconstruction with a fibula flap and 32 with a scapular flap. The two groups had comparable clinical characteristics, except for age, which was higher in the scapular group. The fibula flap was primarily used for mandibular reconstructions, while the scapular flap for maxillary defects. The fibula flap group showed a greater use of custom-made plates and a longer follow-up period. Postoperative hospital stay was comparable between the groups; however, donor site complications were significantly more frequent in the fibula group (24,3%; p-value = 0.041) as was the rate of elective surgical revisions (62,2%; p-value = 0.010). DASH and EFAS questionnaires revealed no significant differences between the two options, although worse upper limb functional outcomes were reported in cases involving more extensive scapular flaps. Scores from the remaining questionnaires were comparable between the two groups. Conclusions: The scapular osseous flap proves to be an excellent alternative to the well-established fibula flap, offering a lower incidence of donor site complications and comparable outcomes in terms of patient-perceived functional impact and quality of life.
Introduzione: La ricostruzione ossea microvascolare del distretto cervico-facciale rappresenta una sfida chirurgica complessa, specie in seguito a resezioni oncologiche e a quadri avanzati di ORN. Gli interventi demolitivi necessari per il trattamento di tali patologie determinano spesso deficit funzionali e danni estetici rilevanti rendendo imprescindibile una ricostruzione accurata ed efficace. Il lembo libero di fibula rappresenta ad oggi lo standard di riferimento, tuttavia, il lembo di scapola si sta progressivamente affermando come valida alternativa, soprattutto in specifiche situazioni cliniche. Scopo dello studio: Il presente studio è finalizzato al confronto tra lembi liberi ossei di fibula e di scapola nelle ricostruzioni maxillo-facciali, valutando non solo gli aspetti chirurgici e clinico-funzionali ma anche la percezione soggettiva dei pazienti nel lungo termine attraverso l’impiego di questionari validati. L’obiettivo finale è quello di fornire una comprensione più completa dell’impatto delle due tecniche in modo da supportare scelte terapeutiche sempre più consapevoli e personalizzate. Materiali e metodi: È stata condotta un’indagine retrospettiva comparativa su pazienti maggiorenni sottoposti a ricostruzione microvascolare del distretto cervico-facciale tra il 2015 e il 2025 presso l’Unità Operativa Complessa di Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale dell’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova. I pazienti sono stati suddivisi in due gruppi in base al tipo di lembo osseo utilizzato: fibula o scapola. Dalle cartelle cliniche, sono stati raccolti dati anamnestici, clinici, chirurgici e funzionali, incluso il tipo di difetto osseo, la strategia di ricostruzione dei tessuti molli, l’impiego di placche custom-made, il tempo operatorio, la durata della degenza ospedaliera, l’insorgenza di complicanze precoci e tardive e la necessità di revisioni chirurgiche in urgenza o in elezione. La valutazione soggettiva è stata condotta mediante la somministrazione di questionari autovalutativi quali il DASH ed EFAS per valutare la morbilità del sito donatore, lo Speech Handicap Index (SHI) per il linguaggio, l’MDADI per la disfagia, l’EORTC QLQ-H&N35 per la qualità della vita e il modulo Appearance del FACE-Q per l’estetica facciale. Risultati: Sono stati reclutati 69 pazienti di cui 37 ricostruiti con lembo di fibula e 32 con lembo di scapola. I due gruppi presentavano caratteristiche cliniche simili, eccetto per l’età, maggiore nel gruppo scapola. La fibula è stata impiegata soprattutto per ricostruzioni mandibolari mentre la scapola per quelle mascellari. Il lembo di fibula ha mostrato un maggior impiego di placche customizzate e un follow-up più lungo. La degenza post-operatoria era comparabile, tuttavia, le complicanze del sito donatore sono risultate significativamente maggiori nel gruppo fibula (24,3%; p-value = 0.041) così come il tasso di revisioni chirurgiche in elezione (62,2%; p-value = 0.010). I questionari DASH ed EFAS non hanno evidenziato differenze significative tra i due lembi, sebbene nei casi di lembi scapolari più estesi si sia rilevato un lieve peggioramento funzionale dell’arto superiore. I punteggi degli altri questionari sono risultati sovrapponibili tra i due gruppi. Conclusioni: Il lembo di scapola si conferma un’ottima alternativa all’ormai consolidato lembo di fibula offrendo una minor incidenza di complicanze del sito donatore e risultati comparabili in termini di impatto funzionale percepito dal paziente e qualità della vita.
Outcome clinici dei lembi ossei di fibula e di scapola nella ricostruzione del distretto cervico-facciale: studio retrospettivo comparativo
TORTORA, FEDERICA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: Osseous microvascular reconstruction of the head and neck region represents a complex surgical challenge, especially following oncologic resections or in advanced cases of osteoradionecrosis. These conditions often require demolitive procedures that result in significant functional deficits and aesthetic deformities. therefore, an accurate and effective reconstruction is essential. The fibular free flap remains the current gold standard. However, the scapular flap has been increasingly recognized as a valid alternative, especially in selected clinical scenarios. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to compare fibular and scapular osseous free flaps in maxillofacial reconstruction, with a focus on surgical, clinical-functional, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). The ultimate goal is to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of the two techniques and to support a better and personalized approach to flap selection. Materials and Methods: A retrospective comparative analysis was conducted on adult patients who underwent microvascular reconstruction of the head and neck region between 2015 and 2025 at the Maxillofacial and ENT Surgery Unit of the University Hospital of Padua. Patients were divided into two groups according to the type of osseous free flap used: fibula or scapula. Clinical records were reviewed to collect demographic, surgical, and functional data, including the type of bone defect, soft tissue reconstruction strategy, the use of custom-made plates, operative time, length of hospital stay, onset of early and late complications, and the need for urgent or elective surgical revisions. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed through validated self-administered questionnaires: the DASH and EFAS scores for donor-site morbidity, the Speech Handicap Index (SHI) for speech, the MDADI for dysphagia, the EORTC QLQ-H&N35 for quality of life, and the “Appearance” module of the FACE-Q for facial aesthetics. Results: A total of 69 patients were recruited, including 37 who underwent reconstruction with a fibula flap and 32 with a scapular flap. The two groups had comparable clinical characteristics, except for age, which was higher in the scapular group. The fibula flap was primarily used for mandibular reconstructions, while the scapular flap for maxillary defects. The fibula flap group showed a greater use of custom-made plates and a longer follow-up period. Postoperative hospital stay was comparable between the groups; however, donor site complications were significantly more frequent in the fibula group (24,3%; p-value = 0.041) as was the rate of elective surgical revisions (62,2%; p-value = 0.010). DASH and EFAS questionnaires revealed no significant differences between the two options, although worse upper limb functional outcomes were reported in cases involving more extensive scapular flaps. Scores from the remaining questionnaires were comparable between the two groups. Conclusions: The scapular osseous flap proves to be an excellent alternative to the well-established fibula flap, offering a lower incidence of donor site complications and comparable outcomes in terms of patient-perceived functional impact and quality of life.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86480