In recent years, the growing interest in sports activities has led to increased attention from the scientific community toward preventing adverse events during physical exercise. The introduction of screening tests in athletes has reduced, but not eliminated, sport-related mortality. Improving prevention strategies, starting with the identification of arrhythmic risk markers, remains a shared priority within the scientific community. This study aims to assess the prevalence and determinants of arrhythmia onset during endurance exercise in male master athletes over 30 years old, with no known heart disease, not on interfering medications, and already undergoing regular screening. The study investigates whether physical exertion might contribute to the onset of arrhythmias even in these apparently “healthy” individuals. A total of 104 male volunteer athletes participating in the 2025 Padova Marathon were enrolled, with inclusion criteria: age >30 years, male sex, race time <4:15 hours, and a negative history for cardiovascular disease. Subjects on medications interfering with the study, such as beta-blockers or antihypertensives, were excluded. Participation was anonymous and voluntary, and athletes were invited based on qualifying race times. Upon bib collection, each athlete had a Rooti Rx device applied to their chest, which was removed at the end of the race. ECG data were uploaded to the Rooti Care database. Tracings were reported and sent by email only to athletes who had expressed the desire to receive them. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test and Chi-square test, considering a p-value <0.05 as significant. All data were treated anonymously, and results were presented in aggregate form. Literature discussions remain open regarding whether an increased prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias falls within the spectrum of “athlete’s heart” remodeling. This study demonstrates a low prevalence of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in athletes, suggesting that their occurrence is not attributable to athlete’s heart remodeling and, when present, should prompt further investigation. Indeed, only 13 out of 104 athletes had more than 1 PVC per hour of actual recording. Two features of PVCs were analyzed: repetitiveness and onset during exercise. With respect to repetitiveness, only 6 out of 104 athletes presented repetitive PVCs. Among these, 4 had episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, mostly slow. The majority of detected PVCs did not exhibit signs of high-risk arrhythmogenicity. Regarding onset during exertion, among the 57 athletes with at least 75% of the race adequately recorded, only 10 athletes showed at least 3 exercise-induced PVCs, which were statistically associated with two variables: years of training and caffeine intake during the race. This raises the question of whether the increase in exertional PVCs may result from a lower threshold for physical stress in less-trained athletes and/or whether caffeine consumption during the race may have triggered their onset. In conclusion, intense physical activity does not appear to significantly increase arrhythmogenic risk, neither chronically (through long-term remodeling) nor acutely (during exertion).
Negli ultimi anni, il crescente interesse per l’attività sportiva ha determinato un’aumentata attenzione da parte della comunità scientifica per la prevenzione di eventi avversi durante lo sport. L'introduzione dei test di screening negli atleti ha diminuito, ma non azzerato, la mortalità sportiva. Migliorare le tecniche di prevenzione, a partire dall'identificazione dei marcatori di rischio aritmico, rappresenta una priorità condivisa nella comunità scientifica. Questo studio si propone di valutare la prevalenza e i determinanti dell'insorgenza di aritmie durante uno sforzo di endurance, in atleti master di sesso maschile con più di 30 anni, senza cardiopatia nota né farmaci interferenti e già sottoposti a screening regolare. Ci si chiede se lo sforzo possa contribuire all'insorgenza di aritmie anche in questi atleti, apparentemente "sani". Sono stati inclusi 104 atleti volontari alla Padova Marathon 2025, con criteri di inclusione: età > 30 anni, sesso maschile, tempo di gara < 4:15 ore, anamnesi negativa per cardiopatie. Sono stati esclusi soggetti in terapia con farmaci interferenti con lo studio, come beta-bloccanti o anti-ipertensivi. La partecipazione, anonima e volontaria, è avvenuta tramite invito rivolto agli iscritti che soddisfacessero i requisiti di tempo di completamento della maratona. Al momento del ritiro del pettorale, ad ogni atleta è stato applicato sul petto un dispositivo Rooti Rx, poi rimosso al termine della corsa. I dati ECG sono stati caricati sul database Rooti Care. I tracciati sono stati refertati e restituiti per e-mail solo agli atleti che avessero espresso la volontà di riceverli. L'analisi statistica è stata condotta con test t di Student e test del Chi-quadro, ritenendo significativo un valore di p < 0.05. Tutti i dati sono stati trattati in forma anonima e i risultati presentati in forma aggregata. È discusso in letteratura se nello spettro del rimodellamento del "cuore d'atleta" sia previsto un aumento della prevalenza di aritmie ventricolari. Questo studio dimostra la bassa prevalenza di BEV nell'atleta, sostenendo che l'insorgenza di BEV non sia imputabile al rimodellamento del "cuore d'atleta" e, quando presente, richieda ulteriori accertamenti. Infatti, solo 13 atleti su 104 presentavano > 1 BEV/ora di registrazione effettiva. Inoltre, sono state considerate due caratteristiche dei BEV: ripetitività e insorgenza durante lo sforzo. Rispetto alla ripetitività, solo 6 atleti su 104 presentavano BEV ripetuti. Tra questi, 4 casi di tachicardia ventricolare non sostenuta, più spesso lenta. La maggioranza dei BEV riscontrati non ha dimostrato particolari indici di malignità. Per quanto riguarda l'insorgenza durante lo sforzo, tra i 57 atleti con registrazione leggibile per almeno 75% della corsa, solo 10 atleti hanno presentato almeno 3 BEV da sforzo, risultati statisticamente associabili a due variabili: anni di allenamento e dose di caffeina assunta durante la corsa. Ci si chiede se l'aumento di BEV da sforzo possa essere il risultato di una minor soglia di tolleranza allo sforzo fisico intenso negli atleti meno allenati e/o se l'uso di caffeina durante la corsa ne possa aver scatenato l'insorgenza. Concludendo, l'attività fisica intensa non induce significativo aumento di aritmogenicità, né in cronico (rimodellamento cronico), né sotto sforzo (rimodellamento acuto).
Prevalenza e determinanti di aritmie prima e durante una maratona in atleti master di sesso maschile
CALLIGIONE, MARTINA
2024/2025
Abstract
In recent years, the growing interest in sports activities has led to increased attention from the scientific community toward preventing adverse events during physical exercise. The introduction of screening tests in athletes has reduced, but not eliminated, sport-related mortality. Improving prevention strategies, starting with the identification of arrhythmic risk markers, remains a shared priority within the scientific community. This study aims to assess the prevalence and determinants of arrhythmia onset during endurance exercise in male master athletes over 30 years old, with no known heart disease, not on interfering medications, and already undergoing regular screening. The study investigates whether physical exertion might contribute to the onset of arrhythmias even in these apparently “healthy” individuals. A total of 104 male volunteer athletes participating in the 2025 Padova Marathon were enrolled, with inclusion criteria: age >30 years, male sex, race time <4:15 hours, and a negative history for cardiovascular disease. Subjects on medications interfering with the study, such as beta-blockers or antihypertensives, were excluded. Participation was anonymous and voluntary, and athletes were invited based on qualifying race times. Upon bib collection, each athlete had a Rooti Rx device applied to their chest, which was removed at the end of the race. ECG data were uploaded to the Rooti Care database. Tracings were reported and sent by email only to athletes who had expressed the desire to receive them. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test and Chi-square test, considering a p-value <0.05 as significant. All data were treated anonymously, and results were presented in aggregate form. Literature discussions remain open regarding whether an increased prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias falls within the spectrum of “athlete’s heart” remodeling. This study demonstrates a low prevalence of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in athletes, suggesting that their occurrence is not attributable to athlete’s heart remodeling and, when present, should prompt further investigation. Indeed, only 13 out of 104 athletes had more than 1 PVC per hour of actual recording. Two features of PVCs were analyzed: repetitiveness and onset during exercise. With respect to repetitiveness, only 6 out of 104 athletes presented repetitive PVCs. Among these, 4 had episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, mostly slow. The majority of detected PVCs did not exhibit signs of high-risk arrhythmogenicity. Regarding onset during exertion, among the 57 athletes with at least 75% of the race adequately recorded, only 10 athletes showed at least 3 exercise-induced PVCs, which were statistically associated with two variables: years of training and caffeine intake during the race. This raises the question of whether the increase in exertional PVCs may result from a lower threshold for physical stress in less-trained athletes and/or whether caffeine consumption during the race may have triggered their onset. In conclusion, intense physical activity does not appear to significantly increase arrhythmogenic risk, neither chronically (through long-term remodeling) nor acutely (during exertion).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86482