Background: Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a "working diagnosis" in cardiology. A non-invasive multimodal imaging approach, including early cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), may provide additional information on the cause of acute coronary syndrome. Aim: This study evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic role of an integrated, noninvasive multimodal imaging approach (early CMR and CCTA) in patients suspected of MINOCA. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients admitted to University Hospital of Padua and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital with suspected acute myocardial infarction without obstructive coronary lesions. CCTA and CMR were performed within 14 days of the event. Qualitative and quantitative plaque analyses identified high-risk coronary plaques. Results: From May 2022 to April 2025, 750 patients were evaluated; 21 were included (mean age 41 ± 10 years, 71% male). Final diagnosis was myocarditis in 13 and MINOCA in 8 patients. On admission, all reported chest pain, 7 dyspnea, and 2 syncope. Nine had fever onset in the prior two weeks, and 2 reported drug abuse. ECG showed diffuse ST-segment elevation in 4 patients, ST depression in 1; 7 had hyperacute T-waves and 4 inverted T-waves. Lab findings revealed elevated high-sensitivity Troponin I (average 1569 [589-5771] ng/L), CRP average 1.38 [0.1-4.9] mg/dl, and eGFR >60 ml/min/1.73m². CMR was performed with a 1.5 Tesla scanner using standard protocols; analysis was done with dedicated software (cvi42). Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was normal or mildly reduced (58±2%; 55±6%), and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was normal (55±1%; 53±2%). Left ventricular edema was detected in 15 patients, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in 16. Sub-endocardial LGE was observed in 8 MINOCA patients, while 8 of 13 myocarditis patients had intramural or sub-epicardial enhancement. Early CCTA was done with a 320-slice MDCT scanner. After iodinated contrast, images were reconstructed with volume rendering and multiplanar reformatting. Coronary plaque analysis revealed 16 patients free from atherosclerotic lesions; 5 patients (including 3 MINOCA) had <50% stenosis in the LAD, and mild lesions in LCX or RCA. High-risk coronary plaques were found in 3 MINOCA patients. Myocardial tissue characterization with late contrast enhancement (LCE) showed mostly subepicardial or mid-wall enhancement; 8 cases had subendocardial hyperenhancement highly suspicious for MINOCA. Conclusions: Integration of early CCTA with CMR in suspected MINOCA patients helps identify underlying etiologies and supports tailored therapy to reduce recurrence. A comprehensive CT protocol, including LCE scans, may improve diagnosis of ischemic and non-ischemic myocardial injury, reducing diagnostic delays and missed diagnoses in troponin-positive acute chest pain patients.
Contesto: L’infarto miocardico in assenza di ostruzione coronarica (MINOCA) è una “diagnosi operativa” in cardiologia. Un approccio multimodale non invasivo, con Risonanza Magnetica Cardiaca (CMR) precoce e angio-TC coronarica (CCTA), può fornire informazioni aggiuntive sull’eziologia della sindrome coronarica acuta. Obiettivo: Valutare il ruolo diagnostico e prognostico di un approccio integrato di imaging multimodale, comprendente CMR e CCTA precoci, in pazienti con sospetto MINOCA. Materiali e metodi: Sono stati studiati retrospettivamente pazienti ricoverati all’Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Padova e all’Ospedale S. Orsola-Malpighi con sospetto infarto senza lesioni coronariche ostruttive. I dati di CCTA e CMR sono stati acquisiti entro 14 giorni dall’evento acuto. Ogni placca aterosclerotica è stata analizzata qualitativamente e quantitativamente per identificare placche ad alto rischio cardiovascolare. Risultati: Tra maggio 2022 e aprile 2025 sono stati valutati 750 pazienti; 21 sono stati inclusi (età media 41±10 anni, 71% uomini). La diagnosi finale era miocardite in 13 casi e MINOCA in 8. Tutti presentavano dolore toracico, 7 dispnea e 2 sincope. Nove pazienti avevano avuto febbre nelle due settimane precedenti, e 2 facevano uso di sostanze stupefacenti. All’ECG, 4 presentavano sopraslivellamento diffuso del tratto ST, 1 sottoslivellamento; 7 avevano onde T iperacute e 4 onde T invertite. La troponina I ad alta sensibilità era elevata in tutti (mediana 1569 [589–5771] ng/L), PCR media 1,38 [0,1–4,9] mg/dl e eGFR >60 ml/min/1,73m². La CMR, eseguita con scanner 1,5 Tesla e protocollo standard (cine SSFP, T2-pesate pre-contrasto e sequenze post-contrasto per LGE), è stata analizzata con software dedicato (cvi42). La frazione di eiezione del ventricolo sinistro era normale o lievemente ridotta (58±2%; 55±6%), quella del ventricolo destro conservata (55±1%; 53±2%). Quindici pazienti presentavano edema ventricolare sinistro alle sequenze T2-pesate pre-contrasto, 16 mostravano LGE nel ventricolo sinistro. LGE con pattern subendocardico è stato osservato in 8 pazienti con diagnosi di MINOCA, mentre enhancement intramurale o subepicardico è stato rilevato in 8 pazienti con miocardite. La CCTA è stata eseguita con scanner MDCT a 320 strati, con ricostruzione tramite volume rendering e multiplanari curve dopo somministrazione di mezzo iodato. L’analisi semi-automatica delle placche ha evidenziato assenza di lesioni in 16 pazienti; 5 pazienti (3 con MINOCA) avevano stenosi <50% nella LAD, con stenosi lievi nella LCX o RCA. Placche ad alto rischio sono state identificate in 3 pazienti con MINOCA. L’analisi LCE ha mostrato prevalentemente pattern subepicardico o intramurale; 8 casi presentavano pattern subendocardico/ischemico, sospetto per MINOCA. Conclusioni: L’integrazione precoce di CCTA e CMR nei pazienti con sospetto MINOCA permette di identificare i meccanismi eziopatogenetici sottostanti. Questo approccio multimodale consente di avviare terapie personalizzate e di ridurre il rischio di recidive. Inoltre, un protocollo CCTA completo, integrato con LCE, permette una diagnosi rapida e accurata del danno miocardico acuto, evitando ritardi e mancate diagnosi in pazienti con dolore toracico ed enzimi di necrosi miocardica elevati.
CMR precoce e CCTA in pazienti con sospetto MINOCA: ruolo diagnostico e prognostico di un approccio integrato multimodale non invasivo
ZILIO, LORENZA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a "working diagnosis" in cardiology. A non-invasive multimodal imaging approach, including early cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), may provide additional information on the cause of acute coronary syndrome. Aim: This study evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic role of an integrated, noninvasive multimodal imaging approach (early CMR and CCTA) in patients suspected of MINOCA. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients admitted to University Hospital of Padua and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital with suspected acute myocardial infarction without obstructive coronary lesions. CCTA and CMR were performed within 14 days of the event. Qualitative and quantitative plaque analyses identified high-risk coronary plaques. Results: From May 2022 to April 2025, 750 patients were evaluated; 21 were included (mean age 41 ± 10 years, 71% male). Final diagnosis was myocarditis in 13 and MINOCA in 8 patients. On admission, all reported chest pain, 7 dyspnea, and 2 syncope. Nine had fever onset in the prior two weeks, and 2 reported drug abuse. ECG showed diffuse ST-segment elevation in 4 patients, ST depression in 1; 7 had hyperacute T-waves and 4 inverted T-waves. Lab findings revealed elevated high-sensitivity Troponin I (average 1569 [589-5771] ng/L), CRP average 1.38 [0.1-4.9] mg/dl, and eGFR >60 ml/min/1.73m². CMR was performed with a 1.5 Tesla scanner using standard protocols; analysis was done with dedicated software (cvi42). Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was normal or mildly reduced (58±2%; 55±6%), and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was normal (55±1%; 53±2%). Left ventricular edema was detected in 15 patients, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in 16. Sub-endocardial LGE was observed in 8 MINOCA patients, while 8 of 13 myocarditis patients had intramural or sub-epicardial enhancement. Early CCTA was done with a 320-slice MDCT scanner. After iodinated contrast, images were reconstructed with volume rendering and multiplanar reformatting. Coronary plaque analysis revealed 16 patients free from atherosclerotic lesions; 5 patients (including 3 MINOCA) had <50% stenosis in the LAD, and mild lesions in LCX or RCA. High-risk coronary plaques were found in 3 MINOCA patients. Myocardial tissue characterization with late contrast enhancement (LCE) showed mostly subepicardial or mid-wall enhancement; 8 cases had subendocardial hyperenhancement highly suspicious for MINOCA. Conclusions: Integration of early CCTA with CMR in suspected MINOCA patients helps identify underlying etiologies and supports tailored therapy to reduce recurrence. A comprehensive CT protocol, including LCE scans, may improve diagnosis of ischemic and non-ischemic myocardial injury, reducing diagnostic delays and missed diagnoses in troponin-positive acute chest pain patients.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86487