Introduction: Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is the most common and disabling chronic complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), with significant social and economic costs. It affects up to 50% of patients, and the available treatments, whether outpatient or interventional, have limited effectiveness. The possible role of inherited thrombophilia as a risk factor for the development of PTS has attracted growing interest; however, current data are conflicting. A potential association would have important clinical value, as it could improve risk stratification and refine secondary prevention strategies, which have proven effective in reducing the incidence and impact of PTS in patients with DVT. Aim of the study: Although the pathophysiology of PTS has been extensively investigated, many aspects remain under debate, particularly concerning the predisposing factors for its onset and progression. Among the most effective preventive strategies, optimal management of the duration and intensity of anticoagulant therapy plays a central role. In this context, the effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in preventing PTS in patients with inherited thrombophilia has not yet been clearly defined. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cohort study at the University Hospital of Padua to prospectively assess the incidence and severity of PTS in patients with inherited thrombophilia and a first episode of proximal DVT of the lower limbs. The case group included patients consecutively diagnosed with DVT between January 2014 and December 2021, carriers of inherited thrombophilia (Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene variant, or natural anticoagulant deficiencies), and treated with DOACs for at least three months. The control group included patients with similar clinical characteristics, diagnosed between January 2004 and December 2019, and treated with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). In both groups, the choice and duration of anticoagulant therapy were at the discretion of the treating physician. PTS was assessed at predefined intervals (3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after diagnosis) using the Villalta score, following standardized criteria. Clinical and demographic data (age, sex, BMI, ABO blood group, DVT characteristics, and type of thrombophilia) were collected from medical records. The classification of DVT as provoked or unprovoked followed internationally recognized criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using Cox regression models, adjusted for potential confounding variables. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: A total of 825 patients were included, with 316 in the DOAC group (cases) and 509 in the VKA group (controls). PTS developed in 24.7% of the cases and 26.2% of the controls (p=0.64). No statistically significant differences were found in the incidence or severity of PTS between the two groups (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.87; 95% confidence interval: 0.61–1.24; p=0.57). Conclusions: In patients with inherited thrombophilia and a first episode of proximal DVT, DOACs were found to be equivalent to VKAs in the prevention of PTS. These findings support their use as a valid therapeutic alternative, contributing to the personalization of anticoagulant therapy in this population.
Introduzione: La sindrome post-trombotica (SPT) rappresenta la complicanza cronica più frequente e invalidante della trombosi venosa profonda (TVP), con rilevanti implicazioni in termini di costi sociali ed economici. Colpisce fino al 50% dei pazienti ed i trattamenti disponibili, che possono essere di tipo ambulatoriale o interventistico, risultano poco efficaci. Il possibile ruolo della trombofilia ereditaria come fattore di rischio per lo sviluppo della SPT ha suscitato crescente interesse; tuttavia, i dati attualmente disponibili sono contrastanti. Un'eventuale associazione avrebbe un importante valore clinico, poiché potrebbe migliorare la stratificazione del rischio e affinare le strategie di prevenzione secondaria, che si sono dimostrate efficaci nel ridurre l’incidenza e l’impatto della SPT nei pazienti affetti da TVP. Scopo dello studio: Sebbene la fisiopatologia della SPT sia stata ampiamente indagata, numerosi aspetti rimangono oggetto di dibattito, in particolare per quanto riguarda i fattori predisponenti alla sua insorgenza e progressione. Tra le strategie preventive più efficaci, una gestione ottimale della durata e dell’intensità della terapia anticoagulante riveste un ruolo centrale. Alla luce di ciò, l’efficacia degli anticoagulanti orali diretti (DOACs) nella prevenzione della SPT nei pazienti con trombofilia ereditaria non è ancora stata definita con chiarezza. Materiali e metodi: Abbiamo condotto uno studio di coorte presso l’Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Padova, con l’obiettivo di valutare prospetticamente l’incidenza e la gravità della SPT in pazienti con trombofilia ereditaria e primo episodio di TVP prossimale degli arti inferiori. Il gruppo dei casi comprendeva pazienti consecutivamente diagnosticati con TVP tra gennaio 2014 e dicembre 2021, portatori di trombofilia ereditaria (mutazione del Fattore V Leiden, variante del gene della protrombina o deficit di anticoagulanti naturali) e trattati con DOACs per almeno tre mesi. Il gruppo di controllo includeva pazienti con caratteristiche cliniche analoghe, diagnosticati tra gennaio 2004 e dicembre 2019, e trattati con antagonisti della vitamina K (VKAs). In entrambi i gruppi, la scelta e la durata della terapia anticoagulante sono state determinate a discrezione del medico curante. La valutazione della SPT è stata effettuata a intervalli prestabiliti (3, 6, 12, 24 e 36 mesi dalla diagnosi) tramite punteggio di Villalta, secondo criteri standardizzati. I dati clinici e demografici (età, sesso, BMI, gruppo sanguigno ABO, caratteristiche della TVP e tipo di trombofilia) sono stati raccolti dalle cartelle cliniche. La classificazione della TVP come provocata o non provocata ha seguito criteri internazionali riconosciuti. L’analisi statistica è stata condotta mediante modelli di regressione di Cox, con aggiustamento per potenziali variabili confondenti. Il valore di significatività statistica è stato fissato a p<0.05. Risultati: Sono stati inclusi 825 pazienti, di cui 316 nel gruppo DOACs (casi) e 509 nel gruppo VKAs (controlli). La SPT si è sviluppata nel 24,7% dei casi e nel 26,2% dei controlli (p=0.64). Non sono emerse differenze statisticamente significative nell’incidenza né nella gravità della SPT tra i due gruppi (hazard ratio aggiustato: 0.87; intervallo di confidenza al 95%: 0.61–1.24; p=0.57). Conclusioni: Nei pazienti con trombofilia ereditaria e primo episodio di TVP prossimale, i DOACs si sono dimostrati equivalenti ai VKAs nella prevenzione della SPT. Questi risultati ne supportano l’impiego come valida alternativa terapeutica, contribuendo alla personalizzazione della terapia anticoagulante in questa popolazione.
Confronto tra anticoagulanti orali diretti e antagonisti della vitamina K nella prevenzione della sindrome post-trombotica in pazienti con trombofilia ereditaria
CANIGIULA, ALICE MARIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is the most common and disabling chronic complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), with significant social and economic costs. It affects up to 50% of patients, and the available treatments, whether outpatient or interventional, have limited effectiveness. The possible role of inherited thrombophilia as a risk factor for the development of PTS has attracted growing interest; however, current data are conflicting. A potential association would have important clinical value, as it could improve risk stratification and refine secondary prevention strategies, which have proven effective in reducing the incidence and impact of PTS in patients with DVT. Aim of the study: Although the pathophysiology of PTS has been extensively investigated, many aspects remain under debate, particularly concerning the predisposing factors for its onset and progression. Among the most effective preventive strategies, optimal management of the duration and intensity of anticoagulant therapy plays a central role. In this context, the effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in preventing PTS in patients with inherited thrombophilia has not yet been clearly defined. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cohort study at the University Hospital of Padua to prospectively assess the incidence and severity of PTS in patients with inherited thrombophilia and a first episode of proximal DVT of the lower limbs. The case group included patients consecutively diagnosed with DVT between January 2014 and December 2021, carriers of inherited thrombophilia (Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene variant, or natural anticoagulant deficiencies), and treated with DOACs for at least three months. The control group included patients with similar clinical characteristics, diagnosed between January 2004 and December 2019, and treated with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). In both groups, the choice and duration of anticoagulant therapy were at the discretion of the treating physician. PTS was assessed at predefined intervals (3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after diagnosis) using the Villalta score, following standardized criteria. Clinical and demographic data (age, sex, BMI, ABO blood group, DVT characteristics, and type of thrombophilia) were collected from medical records. The classification of DVT as provoked or unprovoked followed internationally recognized criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using Cox regression models, adjusted for potential confounding variables. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: A total of 825 patients were included, with 316 in the DOAC group (cases) and 509 in the VKA group (controls). PTS developed in 24.7% of the cases and 26.2% of the controls (p=0.64). No statistically significant differences were found in the incidence or severity of PTS between the two groups (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.87; 95% confidence interval: 0.61–1.24; p=0.57). Conclusions: In patients with inherited thrombophilia and a first episode of proximal DVT, DOACs were found to be equivalent to VKAs in the prevention of PTS. These findings support their use as a valid therapeutic alternative, contributing to the personalization of anticoagulant therapy in this population.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86503