ABSTRACT Background Gender incongruence is defined as the condition in which an individual experiences a marked and persistent discrepancy between their sex assigned at birth and their gender identity. People with this condition are referred to as transgender and gender diverse (TGD), and they may pursue gender-affirming care, including psychological support, hormonal treatments, and surgical interventions. The term transgender man refers to individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB) who identify as men, while transgender woman refers to individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB) who identify as women. Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) for AFAB individuals typically involves the administration of testosterone, whereas AMAB individuals receive estrogens and antiandrogens. Despite the growing number of TGD individuals undergoing GAHT, the effects of this therapy on sexual function and genitourinary symptoms remain largely unclear. Sexual health in the TGD population is often under-addressed due to barriers in healthcare access, gender dysphoria, and social stigma. Aim of the study The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of testosterone-based GAHT on sexual function and genitourinary symptoms in young TGD AFAB individuals using validated questionnaires and monitoring plasma levels of sex hormones. Furthermore, the results will be compared with those from a control group of cisgender women. A secondary aim is to assess the adherence to gynecological screenings and HPV vaccination—critical aspects of preventive care in this population. Materials and methods This is a prospective observational study conducted at the University Hospital of Padua. The study enrolled adult TGD AFAB individuals who had not previously undergone testosterone-based GAHT. Each TGD participant completed the FSFI-6, MRS, and IPSS questionnaires at four time points (baseline, and at 3, 6, and 12 months after starting GAHT). The same data collection protocol was applied to a control group of cisgender women. Data regarding HPV vaccination and gynecological screenings were also collected. Results The study revealed significant changes in sexual function among TGD AFAB participants during GAHT, with increases in sexual desire and arousal correlated with plasma LH levels and, indirectly, with testosterone levels. Additionally, genitourinary and vasomotor symptoms emerged, consistent with a state of "low-gonadotropin iatrogenic menopause," characterized by a hormonal profile distinct from that of typical high-gonadotropin menopause. Lower adherence to gynecological screenings and HPV vaccination was also observed compared to the cisgender group, highlighting critical gaps in access to preventive care. Conclusions Testosterone-based GAHT induces significant changes in sexual function and genitourinary health in TGD AFAB individuals. While improvements in sexual desire, arousal, and mood were noted, the onset of vasomotor and lower urinary tract symptoms warrants clinical attention. This study emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary and inclusive approach that integrates sexual health assessment into gender-affirming care. Furthermore, it is crucial to improve access to gynecological screening and preventive care through appropriate training of healthcare providers and the implementation of strategies aimed at reducing stigma and discrimination against TGD individuals within healthcare environments.
RIASSUNTO Presupposti dello studio L’incongruenza di genere è caratterizzata da una marcata e persistente discrepanza tra il sesso assegnato alla nascita e l’identità di genere. Le persone con questa condizione sono definite transgender e gender diverse (TGD), e possono scegliere di intraprendere percorsi di affermazione di genere che possono includere supporto psicologico, trattamenti ormonali e interventi chirurgici. Si parla di uomo transgender per indicare persone assegnate femmine alla nascita (AFAB) che si identificano come uomini, e di donna transgender per persone assegnate maschi alla nascita (AMAB) che si identificano come donne. La terapia ormonale affermativa (GAHT) per individui AFAB prevede la somministrazione di testosterone, per individui AMAB prevede estrogeni ed antiandrogeni. Nonostante il crescente numero di persone TGD che ricorrono alla GAHT, gli effetti di questa terapia sulla funzione sessuale e soprattutto sui sintomi genitourinari restano in gran parte da chiarire. La salute sessuale è spesso trascurata nella popolazione TGD, anche per via di barriere nell’accesso alle cure, a causa della disforia legata all’incongruenza di genere e per lo stigma sociale. Obiettivi dello studio Lo scopo dello studio è quello di valutare l’impatto della GAHT con testosterone sulla funzione sessuale e sui sintomi genitourinari in giovani persone TGD AFAB attraverso l’utilizzo di questionari validati e monitorando i livelli plasmatici degli ormoni sessuali. Inoltre, si intende confrontare i risultati ottenuti in questa popolazione con quelli di un campione di donne cisgender. L’obiettivo secondario è quello di analizzare l’aderenza agli screening ginecologici ed alla vaccinazione anti-HPV, aree critiche in tema di prevenzione in questa popolazione. Materiali e metodi Lo studio è un’indagine prospettica osservazionale condotta presso il Centro di Riferimento Regionale per l’Incongruenza di Genere dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova. Sono stati inclusi soggetti maggiorenni TGD AFAB non precedentemente sottoposti a GAHT con testosterone. A ciascun partecipante TGD sono stati somministrati, in quattro tempi (pre-GAHT e successivamente a 3, 6 e 12 mesi), i questionari FSFI-6, MRS e IPSS. Lo stesso protocollo di raccolta dati è stato applicato ad un gruppo di donne cisgender di controllo. Sono stati inoltre raccolti dati su vaccinazione anti-HPV e screening ginecologici. Risultati L’analisi ha evidenziato modificazioni significative della funzione sessuale nei soggetti TGD AFAB durante la GAHT, con un aumento del desiderio e dell’eccitazione correlati ai livelli plasmatici di LH e, indirettamente, di testosterone. Sono emersi inoltre sintomi genitourinari e vasomotori sovrapponibili ad una condizione di “menopausa iatrogena a gonadotropine basse”, caratterizzata da un profilo ormonale differente rispetto alla menopausa tipica che presenta, per definizione, gonadotropine elevate. È stata riscontrata anche una minore adesione agli screening ginecologici ed alla vaccinazione anti-HPV rispetto al gruppo cisgender, indicando una criticità nell’accesso alle cure preventive. Conclusioni La GAHT con testosterone comporta cambiamenti rilevanti nella funzione sessuale e nella salute genitourinaria delle persone TGD AFAB. Sebbene vi sia un aumento del desiderio e dell’eccitazione sessuale, oltre che un miglioramento del tono dell’umore, possono insorgere sintomi vasomotori e sintomi del basso tratto urinario che meritano attenzione clinica. Lo studio sottolinea l’importanza di un approccio multidisciplinare e inclusivo, che integri la valutazione della salute sessuale nei percorsi di affermazione di genere. È inoltre fondamentale migliorare l’accesso agli screening ed alla prevenzione ginecologica, attraverso un’adeguata formazione del personale sanitario e strategie volte a ridurre la discriminazione della popolazione TGD nei contesti di cura.
Funzione sessuale e sintomi genitourinari: l'impatto della terapia affermativa con testosterone in giovani persone transgender
EMMI, VIVIAN
2024/2025
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Gender incongruence is defined as the condition in which an individual experiences a marked and persistent discrepancy between their sex assigned at birth and their gender identity. People with this condition are referred to as transgender and gender diverse (TGD), and they may pursue gender-affirming care, including psychological support, hormonal treatments, and surgical interventions. The term transgender man refers to individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB) who identify as men, while transgender woman refers to individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB) who identify as women. Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) for AFAB individuals typically involves the administration of testosterone, whereas AMAB individuals receive estrogens and antiandrogens. Despite the growing number of TGD individuals undergoing GAHT, the effects of this therapy on sexual function and genitourinary symptoms remain largely unclear. Sexual health in the TGD population is often under-addressed due to barriers in healthcare access, gender dysphoria, and social stigma. Aim of the study The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of testosterone-based GAHT on sexual function and genitourinary symptoms in young TGD AFAB individuals using validated questionnaires and monitoring plasma levels of sex hormones. Furthermore, the results will be compared with those from a control group of cisgender women. A secondary aim is to assess the adherence to gynecological screenings and HPV vaccination—critical aspects of preventive care in this population. Materials and methods This is a prospective observational study conducted at the University Hospital of Padua. The study enrolled adult TGD AFAB individuals who had not previously undergone testosterone-based GAHT. Each TGD participant completed the FSFI-6, MRS, and IPSS questionnaires at four time points (baseline, and at 3, 6, and 12 months after starting GAHT). The same data collection protocol was applied to a control group of cisgender women. Data regarding HPV vaccination and gynecological screenings were also collected. Results The study revealed significant changes in sexual function among TGD AFAB participants during GAHT, with increases in sexual desire and arousal correlated with plasma LH levels and, indirectly, with testosterone levels. Additionally, genitourinary and vasomotor symptoms emerged, consistent with a state of "low-gonadotropin iatrogenic menopause," characterized by a hormonal profile distinct from that of typical high-gonadotropin menopause. Lower adherence to gynecological screenings and HPV vaccination was also observed compared to the cisgender group, highlighting critical gaps in access to preventive care. Conclusions Testosterone-based GAHT induces significant changes in sexual function and genitourinary health in TGD AFAB individuals. While improvements in sexual desire, arousal, and mood were noted, the onset of vasomotor and lower urinary tract symptoms warrants clinical attention. This study emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary and inclusive approach that integrates sexual health assessment into gender-affirming care. Furthermore, it is crucial to improve access to gynecological screening and preventive care through appropriate training of healthcare providers and the implementation of strategies aimed at reducing stigma and discrimination against TGD individuals within healthcare environments.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Emmi_Vivian_1237182.pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
1.17 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.17 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86510