Gender incongruence is a condition in which an individual experiences a mismatch between the sex assigned at birth and their perceived gender. People may choose to undergo a gender affirmation process, which can include gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) and gender-affirming surgery. GAHT is an important factor for the well-being of transgender individuals. For those assigned female at birth (AFAB), this typically involves testosterone therapy. However, the long-term effects of testosterone exposure on the endometrium in AFAB individuals who cannot or choose not to undergo gender-affirming surgery involving the removal of reproductive organs (hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy) have not been sufficiently described. The aim of this study is to assess whether testosterone therapy in AFAB individuals suppresses estrogen levels to the point where they no longer stimulate the endometrium. Adult patients were selected from the Endocrinology and Gynecology clinics of the Gender Incongruence Interdisciplinary Group (GIIG) at the University Hospital of Padua (AOUPD) between 2021 and 2025. Levels of LH, FSH, 17-β-estradiol, and total testosterone were measured after at least 12 months of GAHT, and BMI was calculated during the endocrinological visit. For patients who underwent gender-affirming surgery, an additional measurement was taken at least two months post-surgery. In these cases, the surgical specimens were analyzed for histopathological characteristics of the endometrium and ovaries. A total of 21 subjects were recruited, of whom 6 underwent oophorectomy and 1 underwent hysterectomy. At baseline, the median hormone levels were: LH 4.79 mIU/ml, FSH 4.58 mIU/ml, 17-β-estradiol 37.0 pg/ml, total testosterone 4.95 ng/ml. In patients who underwent oophorectomy, the median pre-surgery values were: LH 2.80 mIU/ml, FSH 3.45 mIU/ml, 17-β-estradiol 28.45 pg/ml, total testosterone 5.61 ng/ml; post-surgery values were: LH 9.20 mIU/ml, FSH 17.3 mIU/ml, 17-β-estradiol 41.50 pg/ml, and total testosterone 5.75 ng/ml. Histopathological data on the endometrium were collected from the 7 patients who underwent hysterectomy: in no case was an atrophic endometrium found; instead, all cases showed a proliferative endometrium. Additionally, histopathological data from the ovaries of the 6 patients who underwent oophorectomy revealed follicles at various stages of maturation. The study reveals that patients undergoing testosterone therapy for at least 12 months still exhibit significant estrogen levels, contrary to the expected estrogen suppression from GAHT. Some individuals had estrogen levels above the menopausal range, indicating residual ovarian activity. This may be due to both ovarian production and peripheral conversion of androgens. The hormonal data are supported by histological evidence of continued proliferative stimulation of the endometrium. This condition may pose risks such as endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. These findings are significant and suggest the need for further studies to expand on the emerging evidence.
L’incongruenza di genere è una condizione nella quale un individuo avverte una discordanza tra il sesso assegnato alla nascita e il genere percepito. Le persone possono decidere di intraprendere un percorso di affermazione di genere, basato su una terapia medica ormonale (GAHT) e sulla chirurgia affermativa. La GAHT rappresenta un’importante fattore per il benessere delle persone transgender. Questa prevede, nel caso delle persone con sesso femminile assegnato alla nascita (AFAB), una terapia a base di testosterone. D'altronde però, l'effetto dell'esposizione prolungata al testosterone sull'endometrio delle persone AFAB che non possono o scelgono di non sottoporsi ad un intervento chirurgico di affermazione di genere di natura demolitiva (isterectomia con/senza annessiectomia) non è stato sufficientemente descritto. L’obiettivo dello studio è valutare se la terapia ormonale con testosterone in soggetti AFAB sopprime i livelli di estrogeno al punto da non rappresentare più uno stimolo per l’endometrio. Sono stati selezionati pazienti maggiorenni, afferenti agli ambulatori di Endocrinologia e Ginecologia del Gruppo Interdisciplinare di Incongruenza di genere (GIIG) dell’ Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova (AOUPD) nel periodo tra il 2021 e il 2025. Sono stati dosati i livelli di LH, FSH, 17-β-estradiolo e testosterone totale dopo almeno 12 mesi dall’inizio della GAHT e, durante la visita endocrinologica, è stato calcolato il BMI. Nel caso dei pazienti che si sono sottoposti a chirurgia affermativa di genere, un ulteriore rilevazione viene fatta ad almeno 2 mesi dall’intervento. Per i pazienti operati, inoltre, il reperto operatorio è stato analizzato valutando le caratteristiche istopatologiche dell’endometrio e delle ovaie. Sono stati reclutati 21 soggetti, dei quali 6 sono andati incontro ai steroannessiectomia e 1 a isterectomia. Al tempo zero, i valori ormonali mediani rilevati sono stati LH 4,79mUI/ml, FSH 4,58mUI/ml, 17-β-estradiolo 37,0pg/ml, testosterone totale 4,95ng/ml. Nei soggetti sottoposti a ovariectomia, i valori mediani pre intervento erano: LH 2,80mUI/ml, FSH 3,45mUI/ml, 17-β-estradiolo 28,45 pg/ml, testosterone totale 5,61ng/ml; i valori mediani post intervento erano LH 9,20 mUI/ml, FSH 17,3 mUI/ml, 17-β-estradiolo 41,50 pg/ml e testosterone totale 5,75 ng/ml. Dei 7 pazienti sottoposti a isterectomia sono stati raccolti i dati istopatologici sull’endometrio: in nessun caso è stato riscontrato un endometrio atrofico, bensì tutti i casi presentavano un endometrio proliferativo. Inoltre dei 6 pazienti sottoposti a isteroannessiectomia sono stati raccolti i dati istopatologici delle ovaie: tutti presentavano follicoli in diversi stadi maturativi. Lo studio rivela che i pazienti sottoposti a terapia con testosterone da almeno 12 mesi mostrano livelli di estrogeni significativi, contrariamente alle aspettative di soppressione estrogenica della GAHT. Alcuni presentano livelli estrogenici superiori al range menopausale, segnalando attività ovarica residua. Questo può essere dovuto sia alla produzione ovarica che alla conversione degli androgeni nei tessuti periferici. Il dato ormonale è confermato dall’evidenza istologica data dalla permanenza di stimolo proliferativo a livello endometriale. Tale condizione può comportare rischi, come iperplasia e tumore endometriale. Questi risultati sono interessanti tanto da suggerire la necessità di ulteriori approfondimenti mediante ulteriori studi, al fine di ampliare le evidenze emerse.
Effetti della Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy sull’Apparato Genitale Femminile: Un Dilemma Clinico
FACCHIN, CLAUDIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Gender incongruence is a condition in which an individual experiences a mismatch between the sex assigned at birth and their perceived gender. People may choose to undergo a gender affirmation process, which can include gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) and gender-affirming surgery. GAHT is an important factor for the well-being of transgender individuals. For those assigned female at birth (AFAB), this typically involves testosterone therapy. However, the long-term effects of testosterone exposure on the endometrium in AFAB individuals who cannot or choose not to undergo gender-affirming surgery involving the removal of reproductive organs (hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy) have not been sufficiently described. The aim of this study is to assess whether testosterone therapy in AFAB individuals suppresses estrogen levels to the point where they no longer stimulate the endometrium. Adult patients were selected from the Endocrinology and Gynecology clinics of the Gender Incongruence Interdisciplinary Group (GIIG) at the University Hospital of Padua (AOUPD) between 2021 and 2025. Levels of LH, FSH, 17-β-estradiol, and total testosterone were measured after at least 12 months of GAHT, and BMI was calculated during the endocrinological visit. For patients who underwent gender-affirming surgery, an additional measurement was taken at least two months post-surgery. In these cases, the surgical specimens were analyzed for histopathological characteristics of the endometrium and ovaries. A total of 21 subjects were recruited, of whom 6 underwent oophorectomy and 1 underwent hysterectomy. At baseline, the median hormone levels were: LH 4.79 mIU/ml, FSH 4.58 mIU/ml, 17-β-estradiol 37.0 pg/ml, total testosterone 4.95 ng/ml. In patients who underwent oophorectomy, the median pre-surgery values were: LH 2.80 mIU/ml, FSH 3.45 mIU/ml, 17-β-estradiol 28.45 pg/ml, total testosterone 5.61 ng/ml; post-surgery values were: LH 9.20 mIU/ml, FSH 17.3 mIU/ml, 17-β-estradiol 41.50 pg/ml, and total testosterone 5.75 ng/ml. Histopathological data on the endometrium were collected from the 7 patients who underwent hysterectomy: in no case was an atrophic endometrium found; instead, all cases showed a proliferative endometrium. Additionally, histopathological data from the ovaries of the 6 patients who underwent oophorectomy revealed follicles at various stages of maturation. The study reveals that patients undergoing testosterone therapy for at least 12 months still exhibit significant estrogen levels, contrary to the expected estrogen suppression from GAHT. Some individuals had estrogen levels above the menopausal range, indicating residual ovarian activity. This may be due to both ovarian production and peripheral conversion of androgens. The hormonal data are supported by histological evidence of continued proliferative stimulation of the endometrium. This condition may pose risks such as endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. These findings are significant and suggest the need for further studies to expand on the emerging evidence.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86511