BACKGROUND Respiratory tract infections are among the most common reasons for pediatric medical evaluations and antibiotic prescriptions. Despite most cases being viral and self-limiting, antibiotic overuse remains widespread, contributing the global crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Italy faces a significant burden of AMR, especially in the pediatric population, where inappropriate antibiotic use is prevalent. STUDY AIM This study evaluates the impact of a multifaceted antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP). The CAPO Project aimed at optimizing antibiotic prescribing practices for common pediatric infectious diseases involving the respiratory tract. MATERIAL AND METHOD A cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted among family pediatricians in the Italian Pedianet network. Pediatricians were assigned to one of three arms: (A) received a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) tool and an antibiotic dosage calculator (CP group); (B) received the same tools as Arm A plus caregiver-focused educational leaflets in multiple languages (CP + leaflet group); and (C) served as the control group with no intervention. The CDSS integrated national guidelines for managing common infections, including acute otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and community acquired pneumonia. Interventions were implemented in November 2024, and their effectiveness was assessed by comparing antibiotic prescribing rates during the pre-implementation (November 2023–April 2024) and post-implementation (November 2024–April 2025) periods. The study aims to determine changes in overall antibiotic prescriptions and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics across intervention arms, evaluating the impact of both technological tools and caregiver education on clinical decision-making in primary pediatric care. RESULTS The study analyzed 12,979 respiratory infection episodes. The CDSS-based intervention (with or without leaflets) was associated with improved prescribing behaviors, particularly increased use of first-line narrow-spectrum antibiotics (amoxicillin) and reduced use of broad-spectrum agents (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalosporins). For otitis media, amoxicillin use doubled in the CP group (IRR: 2.40, p = 0.005), while cephalosporin use fell by 70% in the CP+leaflet arm (IRR: 0.30, p = 0.002). In GAS pharyngitis, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid use decreased significantly in the CP+leaflet group (IRR: 0.33, p = 0.025), indicating improved alignment with guidelines. However, for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), the CP group showed an unintended increase in broad-spectrum prescriptions - cephalosporins (IRR: 3.90, p = 0.0015) and macrolides (IRR: 2.56, p = 0.027) - highlighting areas for further educational focus. Reductions in inappropriate prescribing for bronchiolitis and pneumonia were observed in most groups, though some post-intervention results lacked statistical significance due to low case numbers. CONCLUSION The CAPO Project represented a pragmatic approach to enhancing antimicrobial stewardship in Italian pediatric outpatient settings. By leveraging decision-support technologies and engaging caregivers through education, this initiative seeks to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use, mitigate AMR, and improve care quality for children with infections of the respiratory tract.
BACKGROUND Le infezioni delle vie respiratorie rappresentano una delle cause più comuni di consulti pediatrici e prescrizioni antibiotiche. Nonostante la maggior parte dei casi sia di origine virale e vada incontro a risoluzione spontanea, l’abuso di antibiotici rimane diffuso, contribuendo alla crisi globale della resistenza antimicrobica (AMR). In Italia il problema della resistenza antibiotica è particolarmente rilevante, a causa dell’elevato uso di antibiotici. OBIETTIVO DELLO STUDIO Questo studio valuta l’impatto di un programma di stewardship antimicrobica (ASP) multifattoriale. Il Progetto CAPO mira a ottimizzare le pratiche di prescrizione antibiotica per le comuni infezioni pediatriche delle vie respiratorie. MATERIALI E METODI È stato condotto un trial randomizzato controllato in cluster tra pediatri di famiglia appartenenti alla rete Pedianet italiana. I pediatri sono stati assegnati a uno dei tre bracci: (A) hanno ricevuto un sistema di supporto decisionale clinico (CDSS) e un calcolatore per il dosaggio degli antibiotici (gruppo CP); (B) hanno ricevuto gli stessi strumenti del braccio A, più opuscoli educativi multilingua per i caregiver (gruppo CP+leaflet); (C) hanno costituito il gruppo di controllo senza alcun intervento. Il CDSS integrava le linee guida nazionali per la gestione di infezioni comuni, incluse otite media acuta, sinusite, faringite e polmonite acquisita in comunità. Le implementazioni sono state avviate a novembre 2024 e l’efficacia è stata valutata confrontando i tassi di prescrizione antibiotica nei periodi pre-intervento (novembre 2023–aprile 2024) e post-intervento (novembre 2024–aprile 2025). Lo studio ha valutato le variazioni nelle prescrizioni complessive di antibiotici e nell’utilizzo di antibiotici ad ampio spettro nei diversi gruppi di intervento, analizzando l’impatto degli strumenti tecnologici e dell’educazione ai caregiver sul processo decisionale clinico in ambito pediatrico territoriale. RISULTATI Sono stati analizzati 12.979 episodi di infezioni respiratorie. L’intervento basato su CDSS (con o senza opuscoli) è stato associato a un miglioramento nei comportamenti prescrittivi, in particolare con un aumento dell’uso di antibiotici a spettro ristretto (amoxicillina) e una riduzione degli agenti ad ampio spettro (amoxicillina-acido clavulanico, cefalosporine). Per l’otite media acuta, l’uso di amoxicillina è raddoppiato nel gruppo CP (IRR: 2.40, p = 0.005), mentre l’uso di cefalosporine è diminuito del 70% nel gruppo CP+leaflet (IRR: 0.30, p = 0.002). Nella faringite da streptococco beta-emolitico di gruppo A, l’uso di amoxicillina-acido clavulanico è diminuito significativamente nel gruppo CP+leaflet (IRR: 0.33, p = 0.025), riflettendo una maggiore aderenza alle linee guida. Tuttavia, nelle infezioni delle alte vie respiratorie (URTI), il gruppo CP ha mostrato un aumento inaspettato nell’uso di antibiotici ad ampio spettro: cefalosporine (IRR: 3.90, p = 0.0015) e macrolidi (IRR: 2.56, p = 0.027). Sono state osservate riduzioni nelle prescrizioni inappropriate per bronchiolite e polmonite in quasi tutti i gruppi, sebbene alcuni risultati post-intervento non abbiano raggiunto significatività statistica a causa del numero limitato di casi. CONCLUSIONI Il Progetto CAPO ha rappresentato un approccio pragmatico per rafforzare la stewardship antimicrobica nell’assistenza pediatrica territoriale italiana. Attraverso l’uso di tecnologie di supporto decisionale e il coinvolgimento dei caregiver tramite l’educazione, questa iniziativa mira a ridurre l’uso inappropriato di antibiotici, ridurre lo sviluppo di resistenze agli antibiotici e migliorare la qualità delle cure per i bambini con infezioni delle vie respiratorie.
Un trial randomizzato controllato per modificare il comportamento prescrittivo nel setting delle cure primarie (progetto CAPO) - focus sulle infezioni del trattamento respiratorio
MARCHIORELLO, SOFIA
2024/2025
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory tract infections are among the most common reasons for pediatric medical evaluations and antibiotic prescriptions. Despite most cases being viral and self-limiting, antibiotic overuse remains widespread, contributing the global crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Italy faces a significant burden of AMR, especially in the pediatric population, where inappropriate antibiotic use is prevalent. STUDY AIM This study evaluates the impact of a multifaceted antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP). The CAPO Project aimed at optimizing antibiotic prescribing practices for common pediatric infectious diseases involving the respiratory tract. MATERIAL AND METHOD A cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted among family pediatricians in the Italian Pedianet network. Pediatricians were assigned to one of three arms: (A) received a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) tool and an antibiotic dosage calculator (CP group); (B) received the same tools as Arm A plus caregiver-focused educational leaflets in multiple languages (CP + leaflet group); and (C) served as the control group with no intervention. The CDSS integrated national guidelines for managing common infections, including acute otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and community acquired pneumonia. Interventions were implemented in November 2024, and their effectiveness was assessed by comparing antibiotic prescribing rates during the pre-implementation (November 2023–April 2024) and post-implementation (November 2024–April 2025) periods. The study aims to determine changes in overall antibiotic prescriptions and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics across intervention arms, evaluating the impact of both technological tools and caregiver education on clinical decision-making in primary pediatric care. RESULTS The study analyzed 12,979 respiratory infection episodes. The CDSS-based intervention (with or without leaflets) was associated with improved prescribing behaviors, particularly increased use of first-line narrow-spectrum antibiotics (amoxicillin) and reduced use of broad-spectrum agents (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalosporins). For otitis media, amoxicillin use doubled in the CP group (IRR: 2.40, p = 0.005), while cephalosporin use fell by 70% in the CP+leaflet arm (IRR: 0.30, p = 0.002). In GAS pharyngitis, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid use decreased significantly in the CP+leaflet group (IRR: 0.33, p = 0.025), indicating improved alignment with guidelines. However, for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), the CP group showed an unintended increase in broad-spectrum prescriptions - cephalosporins (IRR: 3.90, p = 0.0015) and macrolides (IRR: 2.56, p = 0.027) - highlighting areas for further educational focus. Reductions in inappropriate prescribing for bronchiolitis and pneumonia were observed in most groups, though some post-intervention results lacked statistical significance due to low case numbers. CONCLUSION The CAPO Project represented a pragmatic approach to enhancing antimicrobial stewardship in Italian pediatric outpatient settings. By leveraging decision-support technologies and engaging caregivers through education, this initiative seeks to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use, mitigate AMR, and improve care quality for children with infections of the respiratory tract.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86532