Introduction. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections in children, with recurrence rates up to 30%, particularly in the presence of vesicoureteral reflux, bladder and bowel dysfunction, or congenital abnormalities. The diagnosis is challenging due to nonspecific symptoms, difficulties in collecting urine samples, and the rising issue of antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli is the predominant pathogen, though aetiology can be influenced by age, anatomical or functional abnormalities, and immune deficits. Prompt treatment is essential, and empiric antibiotic therapy should follow local guidelines, which should be evidence-based and adapted to local susceptibility patterns. In Italy, co-amoxiclav is commonly used. The rising of ESBL-producing organisms complicates treatment choices and highlights the need for local surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship. These strategies are essential for reducing acute morbidity, preventing long-term renal damage, and preserving antibiotic efficacy, representing a public health priority in paediatric care. Aim of the study. This study aims to describe antibiotic prescribing patterns for community acquired urinary tract infections (CA-UTI) in the Italian primary care setting in children aged 0-14 years. It evaluates the impact of updated 2019 Italian Society of Paediatric Nephrology (SINP) guidelines on prescribing behaviours, particularly for children between 2 months and 3 years. It examines not only the type of antibiotics prescribed, but also antibiotic prescriptions according to the AWaRe classification proposed by WHO, which promotes the appropriate use of antibiotics. Material and methods. This is a retrospective observational study that evaluates trends in antibiotic prescriptions for CA-UTIs in children < 15 years of age. We used Pedianet, a paediatric primary care database including information from family paediatricians enrolled in the Network. CA-UTIs cases were retrieved using ICD9-CM codes and free-text. CA-UTI episodes were categorized with antibiotic treatment if an antibiotic, retrieved with the ATC code J01, was prescribed within the episode period. Antibiotic classes considered were the following co-amoxiclav, 3G-cephalosporins, fosfomycin, 2G-cephalosporins, amoxicillin, macrolides, and others. We evaluated trends in antibiotic classes, prescription timing and treatment switching. We used descriptive statistics to describe demographic and prescribing patterns overall and stratified by sex, geographical area, and age groups (<2 months, 2 months-3years, 4-6 years, 7-11 years, and 12-14 years) whereas interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was used to estimate the impact of SINP consensus guidelines publication in 2019. Results. From 2015 to 2024, 11,488 of CA-UTI episodes were retrieved from a cohort of 9,030 children <15 years of age, with an average of 1.27 episodes per child and a higher representation of females (68.8%) and cases in Northern Italy (64.4%). Approximately 70% of episodes were treated with antibiotics, and co-amoxiclav was the most prescribed (44%), with growing rates over the years. 3G-cephalosporins rank second (31%), followed by Fosfomycin, which declined overtime, remaining preponderant in older children. Access class antibiotic prescriptions increased over the years, accounting for 50.8% of overall cases, while Watch class antibiotics declined from 59.8% to 46.2% from 2015 to 2024. Among children aged 2 months to 3 years, no statistically significant impact was observed following the publication of the 2019 CA-UTI national guidelines consensus. (p>0.05). Conclusions. This study highlights the need for antibiotic stewardship strategies that support guidelines publication to effectively impact prescribing behaviour, especially in the primary care setting.
Introduzione. Le infezioni delle vie urinarie sono tra le infezioni batteriche più comuni nei bambini e con un rischio di recidiva fino al 30%, soprattutto in presenza di anomalie anatomo-funzionali. La diagnosi è complessa per sintomi poco specifici e difficoltà nella raccolta dei campioni, mentre la crescente antibiotico-resistenza rende la terapia più difficile. Escherichia coli è il patogeno più frequente, ma l’eziologia può variare in base all’età, alle condizioni anatomiche, o a deficit immunitari. È fondamentale un trattamento rapido e la terapia empirica dovrebbe seguire le linee guida locali, che dovrebbero essere evidence-based e adeguate ai pattern di sensibilità locale. In Italia, l’amoxicillina-clavulanato è l’antibiotico di prima scelta. Tuttavia, la diffusione di ceppi ESBL evidenzia la necessità di una sorveglianza microbiologica attiva e di programmi di stewardship per migliorare gli esiti clinici e proteggere l’efficacia degli antibiotici. Scopo dello studio. Lo scopo dello studio è quello di descrive i pattern prescrittivi degli antibiotici per le IVU nei bambini di età compresa tra 0-14 anni nel setting delle cure primarie e valutare l’impatto delle linee guida della Società Italiana di Nefrologia Pediatrica (SINP) pubblicate nel 2019 sul comportamento prescrittivo, in particolare nei bambini tra 2 mesi-3 anni, valutando non solo il tipo di antibiotici prescritti, ma anche le prescrizioni in base alla classificazione AWaRe proposta dall’OMS. Materiali e metodi. Si tratta di uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo utilizzando i dati del database Pedianet, un database pediatrico che include informazioni dai pediatri di famiglia aderenti al Network dal 2015 al 2024. I casi di IVU sono stati classificati utilizzando ICD9-CM e il testo libero. Gli episodi di IVU sono stati categorizzati come trattati con antibiotico se un antibiotico, identificato con il codice ATC J01, è stato prescritto durante il periodo dell’episodio. Abbiamo valutato le tendenze relative alle classi antibiotiche, alla tempistica della prescrizione e ai cambi di trattamento. Abbiamo utilizzato statistiche descrittive per analizzare le caratteristiche demografiche e i pattern prescrittivi complessivi e stratificati per sesso, area geografica e fasce d’età (<2 mesi, 2 mesi–3 anni, 4–6 anni, 7–11 anni e 12–14 anni), mentre un’analisi delle serie temporali interrotte è stata impiegata per stimare l’impatto della pubblicazione del consenso SINP nel 2019 Risultati. Dal 2015 al 2024 sono stati registrati 11,488 casi di IVU acquisiti in comunità in una coorte di 9.030 bambini di età inferiore ai 15 anni, con una media di 1.27 episodi per bambino e una maggior rappresentanza del sesso femminile (68.8%) e dei casi nel nord Italia (64.4%). Circa il 70% degli episodi sono stati trattati con antibiotici e l’amoxicillina-clavulanato è risultata l’antibiotico più prescritto (44%), con un aumento nell’arco degli anni. Le 3G-cefalosporine si collocano al secondo posto (31%), seguite dalla fosfomicina il cui uso cala negli anni, rimanendo però rilevante nei bambini più grandi. Le prescrizioni degli antibiotici appartenenti alla classe Access sono aumentate nel tempo, rappresentando il 50.8% dei casi totali, mentre quelle della categoria Watch sono diminuite dal 59.8% al 46.2% tra il 2015 e il 2024. Nei bambini di età compresa tra 2 mesi e 3 anni, non è stato mostrato alcun impatto statisticamente significativo a seguito della pubblicazione delle linee guida nazionali di consenso delle IVU nel 2019 (p>0.05). Conclusioni. Questo studio sottolinea la necessità di una continua e maggiore conoscenza sulla prescrizione antibiotica per i pediatri di famiglia ed enfatizza l’importanza dell’adesione a programmi di stewardship antimicrobica e a linee guida aggiornate. Questo, infatti, può assicurare un uso più razionale degli antibiotici e combattere le resistenze in bambini con IVU.
Antibiotic treatment patterns among children with urinary tract infection in the primary care setting in Italy
VEGO SCOCCO, MARIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections in children, with recurrence rates up to 30%, particularly in the presence of vesicoureteral reflux, bladder and bowel dysfunction, or congenital abnormalities. The diagnosis is challenging due to nonspecific symptoms, difficulties in collecting urine samples, and the rising issue of antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli is the predominant pathogen, though aetiology can be influenced by age, anatomical or functional abnormalities, and immune deficits. Prompt treatment is essential, and empiric antibiotic therapy should follow local guidelines, which should be evidence-based and adapted to local susceptibility patterns. In Italy, co-amoxiclav is commonly used. The rising of ESBL-producing organisms complicates treatment choices and highlights the need for local surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship. These strategies are essential for reducing acute morbidity, preventing long-term renal damage, and preserving antibiotic efficacy, representing a public health priority in paediatric care. Aim of the study. This study aims to describe antibiotic prescribing patterns for community acquired urinary tract infections (CA-UTI) in the Italian primary care setting in children aged 0-14 years. It evaluates the impact of updated 2019 Italian Society of Paediatric Nephrology (SINP) guidelines on prescribing behaviours, particularly for children between 2 months and 3 years. It examines not only the type of antibiotics prescribed, but also antibiotic prescriptions according to the AWaRe classification proposed by WHO, which promotes the appropriate use of antibiotics. Material and methods. This is a retrospective observational study that evaluates trends in antibiotic prescriptions for CA-UTIs in children < 15 years of age. We used Pedianet, a paediatric primary care database including information from family paediatricians enrolled in the Network. CA-UTIs cases were retrieved using ICD9-CM codes and free-text. CA-UTI episodes were categorized with antibiotic treatment if an antibiotic, retrieved with the ATC code J01, was prescribed within the episode period. Antibiotic classes considered were the following co-amoxiclav, 3G-cephalosporins, fosfomycin, 2G-cephalosporins, amoxicillin, macrolides, and others. We evaluated trends in antibiotic classes, prescription timing and treatment switching. We used descriptive statistics to describe demographic and prescribing patterns overall and stratified by sex, geographical area, and age groups (<2 months, 2 months-3years, 4-6 years, 7-11 years, and 12-14 years) whereas interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was used to estimate the impact of SINP consensus guidelines publication in 2019. Results. From 2015 to 2024, 11,488 of CA-UTI episodes were retrieved from a cohort of 9,030 children <15 years of age, with an average of 1.27 episodes per child and a higher representation of females (68.8%) and cases in Northern Italy (64.4%). Approximately 70% of episodes were treated with antibiotics, and co-amoxiclav was the most prescribed (44%), with growing rates over the years. 3G-cephalosporins rank second (31%), followed by Fosfomycin, which declined overtime, remaining preponderant in older children. Access class antibiotic prescriptions increased over the years, accounting for 50.8% of overall cases, while Watch class antibiotics declined from 59.8% to 46.2% from 2015 to 2024. Among children aged 2 months to 3 years, no statistically significant impact was observed following the publication of the 2019 CA-UTI national guidelines consensus. (p>0.05). Conclusions. This study highlights the need for antibiotic stewardship strategies that support guidelines publication to effectively impact prescribing behaviour, especially in the primary care setting.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Vego Scocco_Maria.pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
1.33 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.33 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86534