Problematic Use of Social Media and Its Relationship with Depression and Anxiety

This thesis examines the relationship between problematic social media use (PSMU) and symptoms of depression and anxiety by reviewing a wide range of empirical findings and theoretical frameworks. PSMU has been defined as ‘the lack of regulation of one’s use of social media associated with negative outcomes in everyday functioning’, characterised by addiction-like symptoms, such as being excessively concerned about social media, having a strong motivation to be online, and dedicating extreme amount of time to the point it interferes with daily functioning. Drawing on current literature, the thesis explores how specific psychological and behavioural factors—such as rumination, upward social comparison, fear of missing out, and avoidance coping—function as mediators and moderators in this relationship. The thesis incorporates a range of theoretical perspectives, such as the I-PACE model, dual-system theory, and motivational frameworks, to explain the mechanisms underlying the association between PSMU and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Across reviewed studies, a consistent positive correlation has been found between PSMU and depressive and anxious symptomatology, with several findings suggesting a potential bidirectional relationship. Methodological limitations, including the focus on a particular age group and reliance on self-report measures, are pointed out. The thesis concludes by identifying directions for future research, advocating for longitudinal and more in-depth research to better assess causality and provide interventions and support for buffering against the risks associated with PSMU.