Background: Cardiac amyloidosis is an infiltrative pathology characterized by the extracellular accumulation of abnormal protein fibrils that can impair myocardial function. The two main entities affecting the heart are transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) and light chain amyloidosis (AL-CA). This study complements previous research by our group, which focused on left ventricular involvement. Aim: This study aims to characterize amyloidosis from a histomorphological and electrocardiographic perspective, then focus the echocardiographic (and histopathological) analysis on the right ventricle, seeking correlations between amyloid burden and morpho-functional alterations. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study on deceased patients who underwent autopsy with a confirmed diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. Inclusion criteria included the availability of an electrocardiogram (ECG) and/or echocardiogram performed not long before death. Results: Out of a total of 28 patients, 18 were included for the study of ECG characteristics and 20 for the echocardiographic study. In ATTR-CA patients, whose median age was more advanced than in the AL-CA population (82 vs 64, p < 0.0001), overall higher amyloid values were found in the various layers analyzed (subepicardial, mid-myocardial, subendocardial, trabecular) with a decreasing baso-apical gradient respected in all layers. In the left ventricle, statistically significant values regarding the presence of a basal/mid-ventricular/apical gradient were found at the subendocardial layer (p = 0.002) and in the mid-myocardial layer (p < 0.001). In AL-CA patients, the median amyloid burden was significantly reduced in all considered layers: a trend, although without statistical significance (p = 0.056), was found at the mid-myocardial level. Concerning the right ventricle, the AL-CA population showed no significant differences in the decreasing baso-apical amyloid burden. In contrast, in the ATTR-CA population, there were statistically significant differences in the baso-apical gradient in the trabecular layer (p = 0.002) and in the subepicardial layer (p = 0.003). Direct correlations were found between an increased amyloid burden and an increased PR interval duration (R = 0.64; p = 0.04); between an increased burden and an increased QRS duration (R = 0.63; p = 0.027) and in the ATTR-CA population (R = 0.81; p = 0.05); an inverse, albeit not statistically defined but significant, trend between burden and QRS amplitude (R = -0.83; p = 0.058) in the precordial leads of the ATTR-CA population. From an echocardiographic perspective, inverse correlations were found between an increased burden and a decrease in TAPSE [AL-CA: R = -0.55; p = 0.082; ATTR-CA: R = -0.72; p = 0.028]; between an increased burden and a decrease in FAC [ATTR-CA: R = -0.85; p = 0.0061], overall (R = -0.64; p = 0.0023); and an inverse correlation between amyloid burden and RV FWLs [ATTR-CA: R = -0.75; p = 0.025; overall: R = -0.64; p = 0.0025]. Conclusions: The ATTR-CA form shows marked correlations between amyloid infiltration and dysfunction, both in terms of atrioventricular conduction and right ventricular systolic function. This is all correlated with a very high amyloid burden. ECG parameters (PR and QRS intervals, pseudo-infarct pattern) and echocardiographic parameters (TAPSE, FAC, RV FWLs) can represent a diagnostic support validly substantiated by histological analysis. The same cannot be said for the AL-CA form, which is associated with a very reduced amyloid burden; its more aggressive clinical impact is presumably linked to different aspects, such as a direct cytotoxic effect.
Background: L’amiloidosi cardiaca è una patologia infiltrativa caratterizzata dall’accumulo extracellulare di fibrille proteiche anomale in grado di compromettere la funzionalità miocardica. Le due principali entità a livello cardiaco sono ATTR-CA ed AL-CA. Questo studio si pone a completamento di un precedente lavoro del gruppo di ricerca, focalizzato sul coinvolgimento ventricolare sinistro. Scopo: Caratterizzare l’amiloidosi dal punto di vista istomorfologico ed elettrocardiografico, focalizzando poi l’analisi ecocardiografica (ed istopatologica) sul ventricolo destro, alla ricerca di correlazioni tra burden di amiloide ed alterazioni morfo-funzionali. Materiali e metodi: Studio osservazionale retrospettivo su pazienti deceduti e sottoposti ad autopsia, con diagnosi confermata di amiloidosi cardiaca. Criterio di inclusione sono la disponibilità di elettrocardiogramma (ECG) e/o ecocardiogramma eseguiti non lontani dal decesso. Risultati: In un totale di 28 pazienti, 18 sono stati inclusi per lo studio delle caratteristiche ECG e 20 per lo studio ecocardiografico. In ATTR-CA, età mediana più avanzata rispetto ad AL-CA (82 vs 64, p <0.0001), riscontrati complessivamente valori di amiloide più elevati nei diversi strati analizzati (subepicardico, medio-murale, subendocardico, trabecolare) in presenza di un gradiente decrescente baso-apicale rispettato in tutti gli strati. Nel ventricolo sinistro, significativi dal punto di vista statistico riguardo la presenza di un gradiente basale / medio-ventricolare / apicale sono stati riscontrati a livello dello strato subendocardico (p = 0.002) e nello strato medio-murale (p <0.001). Nei pazienti affetti da AL-CA le mediane del burden di amiloide sono sensibilmente ridotte in tutti gli strati considerati: a livello medio-murale si riscontra una tendenza, priva però di significatività statistica (p = 0.056). Per quanto concerne il ventricolo destro, la popolazione AL-CA non ha mostrato differenze significative nel burden di amiloide decrescente in senso baso-apicale. Invece, nella popolazione ATTR-CA, sono presenti differenze, per quanto riguarda il gradiente baso-apicale, significative statisticamente nello strato trabecolare (p = 0.002) e nello strato subepicardico (p = 0.003). Correlazioni dirette sono state riscontrate tra un aumento del burden di amiloide ed aumento della durata dell’intervallo PR (R = 0.64; p = 0.04); tra aumento del burden ed aumento della durata del QRS (R = 0.63; p = 0.027) e nella popolazione ATTR-CA (R = 0.81; p = 0.05); una tendenza inversa tra burden ed ampiezza del QRS non statisticamente definita ma significativa (R = -0.83; p = 0.058), a livello delle derivazioni precordiali, nella popolazione ATTR-CA. Dal punto di vista ecocardiografico, riscontrate correlazioni inverse tra un aumento del burden e diminuzione del TAPSE [AL-CA: R = -0.55; p = 0.082; ATTR-CA: R = -0.72; p = 0.028]; tra un aumento del burden e diminuzione della FAC [ATTR (R = -0.85; p = 0.0061)], complessivamente (R = -0.64; p = 0.0023); correlazione inversa tra burden di amiloide ed RV FWLs [ATTR-CA: R = -0.75; p = 0.025; complessiva: R = -0.64; p = 0.0025]. Conclusioni: La forma ATTR-CA mostra correlazioni marcate tra infiltrazione di amiloide e disfunzione, sia in termini di conduzione atrioventricolare che di funzionalità sistolica ventricolare destra, il tutto correlato ad un burden di amiloide molto elevato: parametri ECG (intervalli PR, QRS, pattern di pseudo-infarto) ed ecocardiografici (TAPSE, FAC, RV FWLs) possono rappresentare un supporto diagnostico validamente suffragato da quella che è l’analisi istologica. Non si può dire lo stesso per la forma AL-CA, associata ad un burden di amiloide molto ridotto: l’impatto clinico più aggressivo è presumibilmente legato ad aspetti differenti, come un effetto citotossico diretto.
Amiloidosi cardiaca: basi strutturali delle alterazioni elettrocardiografiche ed ecocardiografiche
TURCHETTO, TOMMASO
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Cardiac amyloidosis is an infiltrative pathology characterized by the extracellular accumulation of abnormal protein fibrils that can impair myocardial function. The two main entities affecting the heart are transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) and light chain amyloidosis (AL-CA). This study complements previous research by our group, which focused on left ventricular involvement. Aim: This study aims to characterize amyloidosis from a histomorphological and electrocardiographic perspective, then focus the echocardiographic (and histopathological) analysis on the right ventricle, seeking correlations between amyloid burden and morpho-functional alterations. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study on deceased patients who underwent autopsy with a confirmed diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. Inclusion criteria included the availability of an electrocardiogram (ECG) and/or echocardiogram performed not long before death. Results: Out of a total of 28 patients, 18 were included for the study of ECG characteristics and 20 for the echocardiographic study. In ATTR-CA patients, whose median age was more advanced than in the AL-CA population (82 vs 64, p < 0.0001), overall higher amyloid values were found in the various layers analyzed (subepicardial, mid-myocardial, subendocardial, trabecular) with a decreasing baso-apical gradient respected in all layers. In the left ventricle, statistically significant values regarding the presence of a basal/mid-ventricular/apical gradient were found at the subendocardial layer (p = 0.002) and in the mid-myocardial layer (p < 0.001). In AL-CA patients, the median amyloid burden was significantly reduced in all considered layers: a trend, although without statistical significance (p = 0.056), was found at the mid-myocardial level. Concerning the right ventricle, the AL-CA population showed no significant differences in the decreasing baso-apical amyloid burden. In contrast, in the ATTR-CA population, there were statistically significant differences in the baso-apical gradient in the trabecular layer (p = 0.002) and in the subepicardial layer (p = 0.003). Direct correlations were found between an increased amyloid burden and an increased PR interval duration (R = 0.64; p = 0.04); between an increased burden and an increased QRS duration (R = 0.63; p = 0.027) and in the ATTR-CA population (R = 0.81; p = 0.05); an inverse, albeit not statistically defined but significant, trend between burden and QRS amplitude (R = -0.83; p = 0.058) in the precordial leads of the ATTR-CA population. From an echocardiographic perspective, inverse correlations were found between an increased burden and a decrease in TAPSE [AL-CA: R = -0.55; p = 0.082; ATTR-CA: R = -0.72; p = 0.028]; between an increased burden and a decrease in FAC [ATTR-CA: R = -0.85; p = 0.0061], overall (R = -0.64; p = 0.0023); and an inverse correlation between amyloid burden and RV FWLs [ATTR-CA: R = -0.75; p = 0.025; overall: R = -0.64; p = 0.0025]. Conclusions: The ATTR-CA form shows marked correlations between amyloid infiltration and dysfunction, both in terms of atrioventricular conduction and right ventricular systolic function. This is all correlated with a very high amyloid burden. ECG parameters (PR and QRS intervals, pseudo-infarct pattern) and echocardiographic parameters (TAPSE, FAC, RV FWLs) can represent a diagnostic support validly substantiated by histological analysis. The same cannot be said for the AL-CA form, which is associated with a very reduced amyloid burden; its more aggressive clinical impact is presumably linked to different aspects, such as a direct cytotoxic effect.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86833