Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) both feature autonomic nervous system dysfunction, making early differential diagnosis difficult and often delayed by many years. Such delays (>10 years) adversely affect therapeutic decision-making and trial enrollment, and autonomic impairmentet may further reduce quality of life and survival. In light of these difficulties, it is essential to identify distincitve biomarkers between PD and MSA, through instrumental investigations and serum and skin biomarkers, to support a diagnostic pathway that remmains essencially clinical. Objective: to investigate the role of skin biopsy in the early and differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), and to analyze the correlation between histopathological disease burden and the degree of autonomic dysfunction, motor impairment, and cognitive decline. Methods: in our study, patients meeting consensus criteria for PD or MSA underwent clinical evaluation with the Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS quantify motor and global disease severity. Autonomic symptoms were assessed with the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score-31 (COMPASS-31) and with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). All participants received a 3-mm punch skin biopsy at a standardized site; samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for α-synuclein pathology and for intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD). Results: Skin biopsy showed positive phosphorylated α-synuclein staining in 100% of PD patients and in 75% of MSA patients. IENFD was lower on average in PD patients compared to MSA patients, though not statistically significant (25.7 ± 3.85 vs 28.7 ± 4.78; p = 0.220). In PD patients, lower IENFD values strongly correlated with greater motor severity (UPDRS III: r = –0.835, p = 0.0193), better cognitive function (MoCA: r = +0.973, p = 0.0002), and more severe autonomic dysfunction (COMPASS-31: r = –0.848, p = 0.0160), especially in the gastrointestinal (r = –0.926) and secretomotor (r = –0.932) domains. An inverse trend was also observed between IENFD and disease duration (r = –0.607). In MSA patients, correlations between IENFD and clinical parameters were weak or absent, except for a significant correlation with UPDRS III (r = –0.875, p = 0.0100). Discussion: Skin biopsy showed high sensitivity for detecting phosphorylated α-synuclein and, when combined with IENFD quantification, represents a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool in Parkinson’s disease. In PD patients, reduced IENFD correlates with motor, cognitive, and autonomic impairment, whereas in MSA such correlations are weak, reflecting a predominantly central pathophysiology.
Presupposti: la malattia di Parkinson (PD) e l’atrofia multisistemica (MSA) condividono numerose caratteristiche cliniche, tra cui la disfunzione del sistema nervoso autonomo, rendendo la diagnosi differenziale particolarmente complessa, soprattutto nelle fasi iniziali. Questo può comportare ritardi diagnostici significativi, talvolta anche superiori ai dieci anni, con conseguenze importanti sulla gestione terapeutica dei pazienti e sulla loro possibile inclusione in studi clinici. In particolare, il coinvolgimento del sistema autonomo può incidere negativamente sulla qualità della vita e sulla sopravvivenza dei pazienti. Alla luce di queste difficoltà, diventa essenziale identificare marcatori distintivi tra PD e MSA, attraverso indagini strumentali e bio-marcatori sierici e cutanei, a supporto di un iter che resta fondamentalmente clinico. Scopo dello studio: analisi del ruolo della biopsia di cute nella diagnosi precoce e differenziale tra la malattia di Parkinson (PD) e Atrofia Multisistemica (MSA). Analisi della correlazione del grado istopatologico di malattia al grado di disfunzione autonomica, compromissione motoria e cognitiva. Materiali e metodi: i pazienti con malattia di Parkinson (PD) e Atrofia multisistemica (MSA) sono stati valutati clinicamente mediante la scala MDS- UPDRS, scala COMPASS- 31 e MoCA. I pazienti sono stati sottoposti e biopsia di cute analizzata con immunoistochimica (ICH) e alla quantificazione della densità delle fibre nervose intrapidermiche (IENFD). Risultati: la biopsia cutanea ha mostrato una positività per α-sinucleina fosforilata nel 100% dei pazienti con malattia di Parkinson (PD) e nel 75% dei pazienti con atrofia multisistemica (MSA). La densità delle fibre nervose intraepidermiche (IENFD) è risultata mediamente più bassa nei pazienti PD rispetto a quelli con MSA, senza però risultare significativa (25.7 ± 3.85 vs 28.7 ± 4.78; p = 0.220). Nei pazienti PD, valori più bassi di IENFD correlavano fortemente con maggiore severità motoria (UPDRS III: r = –0.835, p = 0.0193), con una migliore funzione cognitiva (MoCA: r = +0.973, p = 0.0002), e con maggiore disfunzione autonomica (COMPASS 31: r = –0.848, p = 0.0160), in particolare nei domini gastrointestinali (r = –0.926) e secretomotori (r = –0.932). Si osservava inoltre un trend di correlazione inversa tra IENFD e durata di malattia (r = –0.607). Nei pazienti con MSA, le correlazioni tra IENFD e parametri clinici risultavano deboli o assenti, eccetto una significativa correlazione con UPDRS III (r = –0.875, p = 0.0100). Conclusioni: la biopsia cutanea ha dimostrato un’alta sensibilità per la ricerca di α-sinucleina fosforilata e, associata alla quantificazione della IENFD, si configura come un utile strumento diagnostico e prognostico nella malattia di Parkinson. Nei pazienti con PD, la riduzione della IENFD correla con la gravità motoria, cognitiva e autonomica, mentre in MSA tali correlazioni risultano deboli, confermando una fisiopatologia prevalentemente centrale.
Ruolo diagnostico della biopsia di cute in pazienti con malattia di Parkinson (PD) e Atrofia multisistemica (MSA).
CRACCO, BENEDETTA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) both feature autonomic nervous system dysfunction, making early differential diagnosis difficult and often delayed by many years. Such delays (>10 years) adversely affect therapeutic decision-making and trial enrollment, and autonomic impairmentet may further reduce quality of life and survival. In light of these difficulties, it is essential to identify distincitve biomarkers between PD and MSA, through instrumental investigations and serum and skin biomarkers, to support a diagnostic pathway that remmains essencially clinical. Objective: to investigate the role of skin biopsy in the early and differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), and to analyze the correlation between histopathological disease burden and the degree of autonomic dysfunction, motor impairment, and cognitive decline. Methods: in our study, patients meeting consensus criteria for PD or MSA underwent clinical evaluation with the Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS quantify motor and global disease severity. Autonomic symptoms were assessed with the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score-31 (COMPASS-31) and with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). All participants received a 3-mm punch skin biopsy at a standardized site; samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for α-synuclein pathology and for intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD). Results: Skin biopsy showed positive phosphorylated α-synuclein staining in 100% of PD patients and in 75% of MSA patients. IENFD was lower on average in PD patients compared to MSA patients, though not statistically significant (25.7 ± 3.85 vs 28.7 ± 4.78; p = 0.220). In PD patients, lower IENFD values strongly correlated with greater motor severity (UPDRS III: r = –0.835, p = 0.0193), better cognitive function (MoCA: r = +0.973, p = 0.0002), and more severe autonomic dysfunction (COMPASS-31: r = –0.848, p = 0.0160), especially in the gastrointestinal (r = –0.926) and secretomotor (r = –0.932) domains. An inverse trend was also observed between IENFD and disease duration (r = –0.607). In MSA patients, correlations between IENFD and clinical parameters were weak or absent, except for a significant correlation with UPDRS III (r = –0.875, p = 0.0100). Discussion: Skin biopsy showed high sensitivity for detecting phosphorylated α-synuclein and, when combined with IENFD quantification, represents a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool in Parkinson’s disease. In PD patients, reduced IENFD correlates with motor, cognitive, and autonomic impairment, whereas in MSA such correlations are weak, reflecting a predominantly central pathophysiology.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86844