Study Background: Ventricular arrhythmias represent a significant clinical challenge in all individuals, particularly in athletes, where their identification and management must consider the need to preserve physical performance. Nadolol, a non-selective beta-blocker, is known for its antiarrhythmic efficacy; however, its impact on functional capacity, as assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), remains poorly explored. Study Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of nadolol in reducing the arrhythmic burden in physically active individuals with premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), while also assessing its potential impact on cardiorespiratory functional capacity (VO₂ max on CPET). A secondary objective was to compare the antiarrhythmic efficacy of nadolol with that of other beta-blockers commonly used in clinical practice. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 30 patients treated with either nadolol or other beta-blockers. Exercise ECGs and CPETs performed before and after treatment were analyzed, with particular focus on arrhythmic burden (number and morphology of PVCs) and functional capacity (VO₂ max and other ventilatory and metabolic parameters). Statistical analysis included the T-test for normally distributed data and the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric data. Group comparisons were performed using Fisher’s exact test when expected frequencies were less than 5. P-values were calculated using R (version 4.2.0) and R Studio (version 1.1.456), with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: Thirty patients with PVCs identified on ECG were retrospectively included, of whom 14 were treated with nadolol and 16 with other beta-blockers. Left ventricular ejection fraction was preserved in 28 out of 30 patients. Arrhythmic burden was evaluated using exercise ECGs before and after treatment in 22 subjects. In the nadolol group, a significant reduction was observed in total PVCs (p=0.00049), complex forms (p=0.00015), PVCs during exercise (p=0.00048) and recovery (p=0.0042), as well as in PVCs with right bundle branch block (RBBB) morphology (p=0.0016) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology (p=0.0085). A significant, though less marked, reduction in arrhythmic burden was also observed in the group treated with other beta-blockers. Direct comparison between the two groups did not reach statistical significance (p=0.074), although a specific analysis revealed superior efficacy of nadolol compared to bisoprolol, which did not result in a significant reduction of PVCs (p=0.138).Finally, functional capacity was assessed by CPET in 16 patients with both pre- and post-treatment tests. No significant changes in major ventilatory and metabolic parameters were observed in either group. Specifically, in the nadolol-treated patients (n=8), there was no statistically significant difference pre- and post-treatment in VO₂ max (p=0.56), predicted VO₂ max (p=0.64), and VO₂ max/kg (p=0.92), which were the main outcome parameters of interest. Conclusions: Nadolol is effective in reducing PVCs, including complex and exercise-induced forms, without compromising functional capacity. These findings support the use of nadolol as a valid therapeutic option in patients with ventricular arrhythmias, including athletes, and highlight the need for further prospective studies to confirm the observed benefits.
Presupposti dello studio: Le aritmie ventricolari rappresentano una sfida rilevante in tutti i soggetti, specialmente negli atleti, in cui la loro identificazione e gestione deve tener conto della necessità di preservare la performance fisica. Il nadololo, beta-bloccante non selettivo, è noto per la sua efficacia antiaritmica, ma il suo impatto sulla capacità funzionale, misurabile tramite CPET è poco esplorato. Scopo dello studio: Valutare l’efficacia del nadololo nel ridurre il burden aritmico in soggetti sportivi che presentano BEV, verificandone al contempo l’eventuale impatto sulla capacità funzionale cardiorespiratoria (VO2 max al CPET). Ulteriore obiettivo è confrontare l’efficacia antiaritmica del nadololo rispetto agli altri beta-bloccanti comunemente utilizzati nella pratica clinica. Materiali e metodi: È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo osservazionale su 30 pazienti in trattamento con nadololo o altri beta-bloccanti. Sono stati analizzati ECG da sforzo e CPET pre e post trattamento, con particolare attenzione al burden aritmico (numero e morfologia dei BEV) e alla capacità funzionale (VO2 max e altri parametri ventilatori e metabolici). Per l’analisi statistica in caso di distribuzione normale è stato utilizzato il T test, mentre in caso di non normalità è stato utilizzato il test di Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney. Il confronto tra gruppi è stato eseguito con test di Fisher esatto quando le frequenze attese erano inferiori a 5. I p-value sono stati prodotti utilizzando il software R (4.2.0) e R Studio (versione 1.1.456). La significatività statistica è stata accettata per un valore di p<0,05. Risultati: Abbiamo incluso retrospettivamente nello studio 30 pazienti con riscontro di BEV all’ECG, di cui 14 sono stati trattati con nadololo e 16 con altri beta-bloccanti. 28 dei 30 pazienti avevano FE conservata. Il burden aritmico è stato valutato tramite ECG da sforzo eseguito pre e post trattamento in 22 soggetti. Nel gruppo trattato con nadololo si è osservata una riduzione significativa dei BEV totali (p=0,00049), delle forme complesse (p=0,00015), dei BEV durante lo sforzo (p=0,00048) e nel recupero (p=0,0042), nonché dei BEV con morfologia BBD (p=0,0016) e BBS (p=0,0085). Anche nel gruppo trattato con altri beta-bloccanti è emersa una riduzione significativa, seppur meno marcata, del burden aritmico. Il confronto diretto tra i due gruppi non ha mostrato una differenza statisticamente significativa (p=0,074), ma un’analisi specifica ha evidenziato la superiorità del nadololo rispetto al bisoprololo, che non ha determinato una riduzione significativa dei BEV (p=0,138). Infine, l’impatto sulla capacità funzionale è stato valutato tramite CPET in 16 pazienti con test pre e post terapia. In entrambi i gruppi non si sono osservate variazioni significative nei principali parametri ventilatori e metabolici. In particolare, nei pazienti trattati con nadololo (n=8), non è emersa una differenza statisticamente significativa pre e post trattamento relativamente a VO2 max (p=0,56), VO2 max PRED (p=0,64) e VO2 max/kg (p=0,92), parametri di maggior interesse dello studio. Conclusioni: Il nadololo si conferma efficace nel ridurre i BEV, anche complessi e da sforzo, non compromettendo la capacità funzionale. Tali risultati supportano l’uso del nadololo come valida opzione terapeutica nei pazienti con aritmie ventricolari, inclusi gli atleti, e suggeriscono la necessità di ulteriori studi prospettici per confermare i benefici osservati.
EFFETTO DEL NADOLOLO SU ARITMIE VENTRICOLARI E VO2 MAX AL CPET
PIVETTA, GIULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Study Background: Ventricular arrhythmias represent a significant clinical challenge in all individuals, particularly in athletes, where their identification and management must consider the need to preserve physical performance. Nadolol, a non-selective beta-blocker, is known for its antiarrhythmic efficacy; however, its impact on functional capacity, as assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), remains poorly explored. Study Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of nadolol in reducing the arrhythmic burden in physically active individuals with premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), while also assessing its potential impact on cardiorespiratory functional capacity (VO₂ max on CPET). A secondary objective was to compare the antiarrhythmic efficacy of nadolol with that of other beta-blockers commonly used in clinical practice. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 30 patients treated with either nadolol or other beta-blockers. Exercise ECGs and CPETs performed before and after treatment were analyzed, with particular focus on arrhythmic burden (number and morphology of PVCs) and functional capacity (VO₂ max and other ventilatory and metabolic parameters). Statistical analysis included the T-test for normally distributed data and the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric data. Group comparisons were performed using Fisher’s exact test when expected frequencies were less than 5. P-values were calculated using R (version 4.2.0) and R Studio (version 1.1.456), with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: Thirty patients with PVCs identified on ECG were retrospectively included, of whom 14 were treated with nadolol and 16 with other beta-blockers. Left ventricular ejection fraction was preserved in 28 out of 30 patients. Arrhythmic burden was evaluated using exercise ECGs before and after treatment in 22 subjects. In the nadolol group, a significant reduction was observed in total PVCs (p=0.00049), complex forms (p=0.00015), PVCs during exercise (p=0.00048) and recovery (p=0.0042), as well as in PVCs with right bundle branch block (RBBB) morphology (p=0.0016) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology (p=0.0085). A significant, though less marked, reduction in arrhythmic burden was also observed in the group treated with other beta-blockers. Direct comparison between the two groups did not reach statistical significance (p=0.074), although a specific analysis revealed superior efficacy of nadolol compared to bisoprolol, which did not result in a significant reduction of PVCs (p=0.138).Finally, functional capacity was assessed by CPET in 16 patients with both pre- and post-treatment tests. No significant changes in major ventilatory and metabolic parameters were observed in either group. Specifically, in the nadolol-treated patients (n=8), there was no statistically significant difference pre- and post-treatment in VO₂ max (p=0.56), predicted VO₂ max (p=0.64), and VO₂ max/kg (p=0.92), which were the main outcome parameters of interest. Conclusions: Nadolol is effective in reducing PVCs, including complex and exercise-induced forms, without compromising functional capacity. These findings support the use of nadolol as a valid therapeutic option in patients with ventricular arrhythmias, including athletes, and highlight the need for further prospective studies to confirm the observed benefits.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86846