Introduction. Pregnancies achieved through Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) carry a higher incidence of obstetric and perinatal complications, although the mechanisms underlying this vulnerability remain partly unclear. Among the potential ultrasound markers of placental dysfunction are placental lakes (anechoic areas ≥ 2 cm) whose prognostic value is still debated. Objective. The primary aim was to compare the prevalence of placental lakes in singleton pregnancies conceived by second-level ART (IVF/ICSI, homologous or heterologous) versus spontaneous pregnancies and to evaluate their association with major maternal–fetal complications. The secondary aim was to analyse, independently, the relationship between ART conception itself and those complications, to clarify how much of the increased risk derives from the procedure itself rather than from the ultrasound finding. Materials and Methods. A prospective single-centre observational study was conducted from December 2023 to June 2025, enrolling 170 singleton pregnancies: 100 conceived by ART and 70 spontaneous controls. All patients underwent high-resolution obstetric ultrasound; the presence, number and location of placental lakes were recorded and correlated with obstetric–neonatal outcomes using χ² and Student’s t tests. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. In the primary analysis, placental lakes were more frequent in the ART group (27%) than in controls (1 %), with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.5. Across the whole cohort, their presence was associated with placenta praevia (55.5% vs 19.6%; OR 5.1) and a higher rate of postpartum haemorrhage (37% vs 17.5%; OR 2.8), while no significant differences emerged for hypertensive disorders, fetal growth abnormalities, prematurity or caesarean delivery. In the secondary analysis focused on ART alone, a strong association was found with placenta praevia (OR 6.98; p = 0.04) and, most notably, with gestational hypertension/preeclampsia (OR 7.2; p = 0.008); most of the remaining associations, although not statistically significant, showed trends consistent with the literature. Discussion. The higher prevalence of placental lakes in ART pregnancies suggests placental micro-environment alterations related to the mode of conception. Their strong association with placenta praevia and postpartum haemorrhage supports their potential value as markers of abnormal placentation and haemorrhagic risk. At the same time, ART itself appears to be an independent risk factor for several obstetric and neonatal complications. The lack of multivariable models, however, limits the ability to disentangle the independent effects of placental lakes, ART and other confounders. Conclusions. Preliminary data indicate that placental lakes occur more frequently in ART pregnancies and are associated with placenta praevia and postpartum haemorrhage, while ART per se further increases the risk of placenta praevia and hypertensive disorders. Identifying placental lakes during routine ultrasound, especially in ART patients, could enable early risk stratification and the adoption of targeted prophylactic strategies, particularly for postpartum haemorrhage. Larger multicentre studies with multivariable analyses are needed to confirm the independent value of placental lakes as an ultrasound marker and to define the specific contribution of ART to the various maternal–fetal complications.
Introduzione. Le gravidanze ottenute mediante tecniche di Procreazione Medicalmente Assistita (PMA) mostrano un’incidenza elevata di complicanze ostetriche e perinatali, ma i meccanismi alla base di tale vulnerabilità rimangono in parte non chiariti. Fra i potenziali marker ecografici di disfunzione placentare figurano i laghi placentari (aree della placenta che all’ecografia appaiono anecogene, di dimensioni maggiori di 2 cm), la cui reale valenza prognostica è tuttora controversa. Scopo dello studio. Obiettivo primario è confrontare la prevalenza dei laghi placentari fra gravidanze concepite con PMA di II livello (FIVET/ICSI, omologa o eterologa) e gravidanze spontanee, valutandone l’associazione con le principali complicanze materno-fetali. In secondo luogo, lo studio esplora in modo indipendente i rapporti fra il solo concepimento PMA e tali complicanze, per chiarire quanto l’aumentato rischio derivi dalla procedura in sé rispetto al reperto ecografico. Materiali e metodi. È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale prospettico monocentrico tra dicembre 2023 e giugno 2025, che ha arruolato 170 gestanti con gravidanza singola: 100 da PMA e 70 controlli. Tutte le pazienti sono state sottoposte a ecografia ostetrica con apparecchiatura ad alta risoluzione; presenza, numero e sede dei laghi sono stati registrati e messi in relazione con gli esiti ostetrico-neonatali mediante test χ² e t di Student. I valori sono stati considerati significativi con valori di p-value < 0,05. Risultati. Nell’analisi primaria, i laghi placentari sono risultati più frequenti nel gruppo PMA (27%) che nei controlli (13%), con un odds ratio di 2,5. All’interno dell’intera coorte la presenza dei laghi si è associata a placenta previa (55,5% vs 19,6%; OR 5,1) e a un incremento di emorragia post-partum (37% vs 17,5%; OR 2,8), mentre non sono emerse differenze significative per disordini ipertensivi, alterazioni della crescita fetale, prematurità o taglio cesareo. Nell’analisi secondaria, focalizzata sull’impatto della sola PMA, è emerso un forte legame con placenta previa (OR 6,98; p=0,04) e soprattutto con ipertensione gestazionale/preeclampsia (OR 7,2; p=0,008), mentre la maggioranza delle restanti associazioni, pur non raggiungendo la significatività statistica, hanno mostrato una tendenza coerente con i dati della letteratura Discussione. La maggiore prevalenza di laghi placentari nelle gravidanze da PMA suggerisce alterazioni del microambiente placentare legate alle modalità di concepimento. Il forte incremento di placenta previa ed emorragia post-partum nei casi con laghi conferma il loro potenziale valore come marker di placentazione anomala e rischio emorragico. Parallelamente, l’analisi specifica delle gravidanze PMA indica che la procedura di fecondazione in vitro costituisce di per sé un fattore di rischio per diverse complicanze ostetrico-neonatali. L’assenza di modelli multivariati limita tuttavia la possibilità di separare l’effetto indipendente dei laghi da quello della PMA e di altri confondenti. Conclusioni. I dati preliminari dimostrano che i laghi placentari compaiono con maggiore frequenza nelle gravidanze ottenute con PMA e si associano a placenta previa ed emorragia post-partum, mentre la PMA in sé incrementa ulteriormente il rischio di placenta previa e di ipertensione. Il riconoscimento dei laghi durante l’ecografia di routine, soprattutto nelle gestanti PMA, potrebbe consentire una stratificazione precoce del rischio e l’adozione di strategie profilattiche mirate, soprattutto per quanto riguarda l’emorragia post-partum. Studi multicentrici con campioni più ampi e analisi multivariate sono necessari per confermare il ruolo dei laghi come marker ecografico indipendente e per definire il contributo specifico della PMA alle diverse complicanze materno-fetali.
Nuovi marker ecografici per la valutazione del rischio nelle gravidanze da PMA
DE PIERI, ROSSELLA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction. Pregnancies achieved through Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) carry a higher incidence of obstetric and perinatal complications, although the mechanisms underlying this vulnerability remain partly unclear. Among the potential ultrasound markers of placental dysfunction are placental lakes (anechoic areas ≥ 2 cm) whose prognostic value is still debated. Objective. The primary aim was to compare the prevalence of placental lakes in singleton pregnancies conceived by second-level ART (IVF/ICSI, homologous or heterologous) versus spontaneous pregnancies and to evaluate their association with major maternal–fetal complications. The secondary aim was to analyse, independently, the relationship between ART conception itself and those complications, to clarify how much of the increased risk derives from the procedure itself rather than from the ultrasound finding. Materials and Methods. A prospective single-centre observational study was conducted from December 2023 to June 2025, enrolling 170 singleton pregnancies: 100 conceived by ART and 70 spontaneous controls. All patients underwent high-resolution obstetric ultrasound; the presence, number and location of placental lakes were recorded and correlated with obstetric–neonatal outcomes using χ² and Student’s t tests. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. In the primary analysis, placental lakes were more frequent in the ART group (27%) than in controls (1 %), with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.5. Across the whole cohort, their presence was associated with placenta praevia (55.5% vs 19.6%; OR 5.1) and a higher rate of postpartum haemorrhage (37% vs 17.5%; OR 2.8), while no significant differences emerged for hypertensive disorders, fetal growth abnormalities, prematurity or caesarean delivery. In the secondary analysis focused on ART alone, a strong association was found with placenta praevia (OR 6.98; p = 0.04) and, most notably, with gestational hypertension/preeclampsia (OR 7.2; p = 0.008); most of the remaining associations, although not statistically significant, showed trends consistent with the literature. Discussion. The higher prevalence of placental lakes in ART pregnancies suggests placental micro-environment alterations related to the mode of conception. Their strong association with placenta praevia and postpartum haemorrhage supports their potential value as markers of abnormal placentation and haemorrhagic risk. At the same time, ART itself appears to be an independent risk factor for several obstetric and neonatal complications. The lack of multivariable models, however, limits the ability to disentangle the independent effects of placental lakes, ART and other confounders. Conclusions. Preliminary data indicate that placental lakes occur more frequently in ART pregnancies and are associated with placenta praevia and postpartum haemorrhage, while ART per se further increases the risk of placenta praevia and hypertensive disorders. Identifying placental lakes during routine ultrasound, especially in ART patients, could enable early risk stratification and the adoption of targeted prophylactic strategies, particularly for postpartum haemorrhage. Larger multicentre studies with multivariable analyses are needed to confirm the independent value of placental lakes as an ultrasound marker and to define the specific contribution of ART to the various maternal–fetal complications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
DePieri_Rossella.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
1.34 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.34 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86912