Background: lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. Its prognosis is often poor, mainly due to late-stage diagnosis, despite recent improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has revolutionized treatment of several solid tumours, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, only a subset of patients benefits from these therapies, while the majority do not respond and may develop immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Therefore, innovative strategies are needed to optimize therapeutic efficacy. One of the most promising emerging approaches is chrono-immunotherapy, based on aligning therapeutic administration with the patient's circadian rhythm. Several studies have demonstrated time-of-day dependent variations in the efficacy and toxicity of vaccines, chemotherapeutic agents and immunotherapy. Objective: this study is part of the observational CIRCE study, conducted at the Istituto Oncologico Veneto – IRCCS. The primary objective was to assess whether the timing of ICI administration is associated with differences in overall survival (OS). The secondary objective was to explore the association between the development of irAEs and OS, and to analyse the relationship between infusion timing and the likelihood of developing irAEs. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with stage IV NSCLC treated with first-line ICI. Clinical, pathological, therapeutic, and infusion timing data were collected. Patients were categorized according to the median infusion time and the proportion of infusions administered after a predefined time cut-off. Statistical analyses were conducted using R software, applying Cox proportional hazards models for OS and logistic regression models for the analysis of irAEs, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The cohort included 320 patients treated with ICIs. Patients with a median infusion time after 1:00 PM (N = 61) exhibited a higher risk of death (HR 1.95; 95% CI 1.37–2.77; p = 0.027), a lower 2-year OS rate (31.1% vs 48.2%; p = 0.027), and a lower median number of treatment cycles (7 vs 12), compared to those treated earlier. Analysis of infusion patterns showed that patients receiving ≥50% of infusions after 1:00 PM had a higher hazard of death compared to those with <50% (HR 1.74; 95% CI 1.24–2.43; p < 0.05), with a progressive increase in hazard with higher percentages of afternoon infusions. The timing of the first infusion was not significantly associated with OS. Patients who developed irAEs had significantly longer OS (2-year OS 54.7% vs 19.6%; p < 0.001) compared to those without irAEs, a finding confirmed by a 12-week landmark analysis. Lastly, patients with a median infusion time after 12:00 PM had a 46% lower probability of developing irAEs (OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.33–0.90; p = 0.017) compared to those treated earlier. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the timing of ICI administration significantly influences clinical outcomes in patients with NSCLC. Morning infusions are associated with improved OS, while afternoon infusions are linked to a lower incidence of irAEs, which appear to be favourable prognostic markers due to their association with prolonged OS.
Presupposti dello studio: il carcinoma polmonare è la neoplasia a più elevata incidenza e mortalità nel mondo. La prognosi è spesso infausta, principalmente per la diagnosi tardiva, nonostante i recenti progressi diagnostici e terapeutici. L’introduzione degli inibitori dei checkpoint immunitari (immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICI), ha rivoluzionato il trattamento di numerose neoplasie solide, compreso il carcinoma polmonare non a piccole cellule (non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC). Tuttavia, solo una quota dei pazienti mostra benefici clinici, mentre la maggior parte non risponde e può sviluppare eventi avversi immuno-relati (immune-related adverse events, irAEs). Perciò servono strategie innovative per ottimizzarne l’efficacia. Una delle più promettenti è rappresentata dalla cronoimmunoterapia, ovvero l’allineamento dei trattamenti farmacologici al ritmo circadiano del paziente. Numerose evidenze hanno dimostrato variazioni in efficacia e tossicità di vaccini, chemioterapici ed immunoterapici in base all’orario di somministrazione. Scopo dello studio: il presente studio si inserisce nel contesto dello studio osservazionale CIRCE, condotto presso l’Istituto Oncologico Veneto - IRCCS. L’obiettivo primario è valutare se l’orario di somministrazione degli ICI sia associato a variazioni nella sopravvivenza globale (overall survival, OS). L’obiettivo secondario è esplorare l’associazione tra sviluppo di irAEs ed OS e analizzare la relazione tra orario delle infusioni e probabilità di sviluppare irAEs. Materiali e metodi: sono stati studiati retrospettivamente pazienti con NSCLC in stadio IV trattati con ICI in prima linea. Sono stati raccolti dati clinici, patologici, terapeutici e sugli orari di infusione. I soggetti sono stati categorizzati in base alla mediana d’orario di infusione e alla proporzione di infusioni effettuate dopo un cut-off orario. Le analisi statistiche, eseguite con software R, hanno usato modelli di regressione di Cox per la OS e modelli di regressione logistica per l’analisi degli irAEs, aggiustando per variabili potenzialmente confondenti. Risultati: la coorte comprende 320 pazienti trattati con ICI. I pazienti con orario mediano d’infusione successivo alle 13:00 (N = 61) hanno mostrato un rischio di morte maggiore (HR 1.95; 95% IC 1.37-2.77; p = 0.027) rispetto a quelli trattati prima, una sopravvivenza a 2 anni del 31.1% contro il 48.2% (p=0.027) e un numero mediano di cicli inferiore (7 contro 12). Esplorando il pattern di infusioni, è risultato che pazienti con ≥ 50% delle infusioni dopo le 13:00 hanno presentato un rischio di morte maggiore rispetto ai pazienti con percentuale inferiore al 50% (HR 1.74; 95% IC 1.24-2.43; p<0.05), con aumento progressivo al crescere della percentuale di infusioni pomeridiane. L’orario della prima infusione non risulta significativamente associato alla OS. I pazienti che hanno sviluppato irAEs hanno mostrato una OS significativamente più lunga (54.7% a 2 anni contro 19.6% (p <0.001)) rispetto ai pazienti che non li hanno manifestati, dato confermato ad una analisi landmark a 12 settimane. Infine, i pazienti con orario mediano di infusione successivo alle ore 12:00 hanno presentato una probabilità inferiore del 46% (OR 0.54; 95% IC, 0.33-0.90; p = 0.017) di sviluppare irAEs rispetto a quelli trattati prima. Conclusioni: Lo studio ha mostrato che l’orario di infusione degli ICI influenza significativamente gli esiti clinici nei pazienti affetti da NSCLC. Le infusioni mattutine sono associate a maggiore OS, mentre quelle pomeridiane ad una minore incidenza di irAEs, che rappresentano un fattore prognostico favorevole, in quanto associati ad un aumento di OS.
Analisi dell'impatto del ritmo circadiano sull'efficacia dell'immunoterapia in pazienti con carcinoma polmonare non a piccole cellule in stadio avanzato: lo studio CIRCE
ZORDAN, ELENA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. Its prognosis is often poor, mainly due to late-stage diagnosis, despite recent improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has revolutionized treatment of several solid tumours, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, only a subset of patients benefits from these therapies, while the majority do not respond and may develop immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Therefore, innovative strategies are needed to optimize therapeutic efficacy. One of the most promising emerging approaches is chrono-immunotherapy, based on aligning therapeutic administration with the patient's circadian rhythm. Several studies have demonstrated time-of-day dependent variations in the efficacy and toxicity of vaccines, chemotherapeutic agents and immunotherapy. Objective: this study is part of the observational CIRCE study, conducted at the Istituto Oncologico Veneto – IRCCS. The primary objective was to assess whether the timing of ICI administration is associated with differences in overall survival (OS). The secondary objective was to explore the association between the development of irAEs and OS, and to analyse the relationship between infusion timing and the likelihood of developing irAEs. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with stage IV NSCLC treated with first-line ICI. Clinical, pathological, therapeutic, and infusion timing data were collected. Patients were categorized according to the median infusion time and the proportion of infusions administered after a predefined time cut-off. Statistical analyses were conducted using R software, applying Cox proportional hazards models for OS and logistic regression models for the analysis of irAEs, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The cohort included 320 patients treated with ICIs. Patients with a median infusion time after 1:00 PM (N = 61) exhibited a higher risk of death (HR 1.95; 95% CI 1.37–2.77; p = 0.027), a lower 2-year OS rate (31.1% vs 48.2%; p = 0.027), and a lower median number of treatment cycles (7 vs 12), compared to those treated earlier. Analysis of infusion patterns showed that patients receiving ≥50% of infusions after 1:00 PM had a higher hazard of death compared to those with <50% (HR 1.74; 95% CI 1.24–2.43; p < 0.05), with a progressive increase in hazard with higher percentages of afternoon infusions. The timing of the first infusion was not significantly associated with OS. Patients who developed irAEs had significantly longer OS (2-year OS 54.7% vs 19.6%; p < 0.001) compared to those without irAEs, a finding confirmed by a 12-week landmark analysis. Lastly, patients with a median infusion time after 12:00 PM had a 46% lower probability of developing irAEs (OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.33–0.90; p = 0.017) compared to those treated earlier. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the timing of ICI administration significantly influences clinical outcomes in patients with NSCLC. Morning infusions are associated with improved OS, while afternoon infusions are linked to a lower incidence of irAEs, which appear to be favourable prognostic markers due to their association with prolonged OS.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86917