Background Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) is an immune-mediated dermatological disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes, especially the genital areas of females and males. Anogenital LSA typically presents with ivory-white patches, skin atrophy and intense itching, which can significantly impair patients' quality of life. In addition, it may be associated with the development of tumours in 5% of patients. The extragenital form (eLSA) can affect several sites, including the neck, shoulders, upper trunk, thighs and, more rarely, the oral cavity. It is a complex, multifactorial disease with an important immunological component. Dysfunction of the immune system leads to chronic inflammation and the formation of sclerotic tissue in the skin. An association has been observed with other autoimmune diseases, in particular thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes, vitiligo and alopecia areata. Histologically, the lesions show inflammatory infiltrates (mainly lymphocytes), changes in the epidermis and thickening of the basement membrane. In the early stages, basal layer damage, hyperkeratosis and epidermal thinning are noted; in the advanced stages, dermal sclerosis and atrophic epidermis are noted. In addition to lymphocytes, macrophages and mast cells are also present, particularly in the genital forms. Proinflammatory Th1 cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-2 and IFN-γ) are involved, while the role of IL-17A and IL-31 is not yet clarified. However, IL-17A is known to play a role in other autoimmune skin diseases and contributes to maintaining inflammation by stimulating immune cells and keratinocytes. In addition, IL-17A appears to be associated with the development of fibrosis in certain tissues. IL-31, on the other hand, has been shown to be involved in some of the pathophysiological pathways leading to pruritus and in several inflammatory diseases, both cutaneous and systemic. Aim of the study The aim of our study was therefore to assess the expression of IL-17 and IL-31 and their receptors in four different cell types. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrated a marked expression of IL-17A and IL-31 in the lymphocytes of patients with LSA compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, female sex appears to be associated with higher values of IL-17A in fibroblasts, lymphocytes and endothelium than male sex and its receptor in keratinocytes, fibroblasts and lymphocytes. In the case of IL-31, the difference in expression between males and females was observed in all cell types and for its receptor only in keratinocytes. The marked differences in expression of IL-17A and IL31 could be associated with the clinical manifestations of the disease. On the other hand, the different expression levels of IL-31 could be related to the different prevalence of the itch symptom in the two sexes.
Background Il Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) è una malattia dermatologica immuno-mediata che colpisce la cute e le mucose, in particolar modo le aree genitali di femmine e maschi. LSA anogenitale si presenta tipicamente con chiazze bianco avorio, atrofia cutanea e prurito intenso, elementi che possono compromettere significativamente la qualità della vita dei pazienti. Inoltre, si può associare allo sviluppo di tumori nel 5% dei pazienti. La forma extragenitale (eLSA) può interessare diverse sedi, tra cui il collo, le spalle, il tronco superiore, le cosce e, più raramente, la cavità orale. È una malattia complessa e multifattoriale, con un'importante componente immunologica. La disfunzione del sistema immunitario porta ad un'infiammazione cronica e alla formazione di tessuto sclerotico nella cute. È stata osservata un'associazione con altre malattie autoimmuni, in particolare tiroiditi, il diabete di tipo 1, la vitiligine e l'alopecia areata. A livello istologico, le lesioni mostrano infiltrati infiammatori (soprattutto linfociti), alterazioni dell’epidermide e ispessimento della membrana basale. Nelle fasi iniziali, si notano danni allo strato basale, ipercheratosi e assottigliamento epidermico; nelle fasi avanzate, sclerosi del derma ed epidermide atrofica. Oltre ai linfociti, sono presenti anche macrofagi e mastociti, in particolare nelle forme genitali. Sono coinvolte citochine proinfiammatorie Th1 (come TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-2 e IFN-γ), mentre il ruolo di IL-17A e IL-31 non è ancora chiarito. Tuttavia, IL-17A è nota per il suo ruolo in altre malattie autoimmuni cutanee e contribuisce a mantenere l’infiammazione stimolando le cellule immunitarie e i cheratinociti. Inoltre, IL-17A risulta associata allo sviluppo di fibrosi in alcuni tessuti. IL-31, invece, risulta coinvolta in alcune delle vie fisiopatologiche che determinano prurito e in numerose malattie infiammatorie, sia cutanee che sistemiche. Scopo dello studio Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quindi di valutare l’espressione di IL-1A7 e IL-31 e dei loro recettori in 4 diversi tipi cellulari. Conclusione In questo studio, è stata mostrata una marcata espressione di IL-17A e IL-31 nei linfociti di pazienti con LSA rispetto ai controlli sani. Inoltre, il sesso femminile appare associato a valori più elevati di IL-17 nei fibroblasti, linfociti e endotelio rispetto al sesso maschile e del suo recettore nei cheratinociti, fibroblasti e linfociti. Nel caso di IL-31, la differenza di espressione tra maschi e femmine è stata osservata in tutti i tipi cellulari e per il suo recettore solo nei cheratinociti. Le marcate differenze di espressione di IL-17A e IL31 potrebbero essere associate alle manifestazioni cliniche della patologia. D’altra parte, i diversi livelli di espressione di IL-31 potrebbero essere correlati alla diversa prevalenza del sintomo prurito nei due sessi.
Espressione di IL-17 e IL-31 nel Lichen Scleroatrofico Genitale
CHINELLATO, ALBERTO
2024/2025
Abstract
Background Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) is an immune-mediated dermatological disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes, especially the genital areas of females and males. Anogenital LSA typically presents with ivory-white patches, skin atrophy and intense itching, which can significantly impair patients' quality of life. In addition, it may be associated with the development of tumours in 5% of patients. The extragenital form (eLSA) can affect several sites, including the neck, shoulders, upper trunk, thighs and, more rarely, the oral cavity. It is a complex, multifactorial disease with an important immunological component. Dysfunction of the immune system leads to chronic inflammation and the formation of sclerotic tissue in the skin. An association has been observed with other autoimmune diseases, in particular thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes, vitiligo and alopecia areata. Histologically, the lesions show inflammatory infiltrates (mainly lymphocytes), changes in the epidermis and thickening of the basement membrane. In the early stages, basal layer damage, hyperkeratosis and epidermal thinning are noted; in the advanced stages, dermal sclerosis and atrophic epidermis are noted. In addition to lymphocytes, macrophages and mast cells are also present, particularly in the genital forms. Proinflammatory Th1 cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-2 and IFN-γ) are involved, while the role of IL-17A and IL-31 is not yet clarified. However, IL-17A is known to play a role in other autoimmune skin diseases and contributes to maintaining inflammation by stimulating immune cells and keratinocytes. In addition, IL-17A appears to be associated with the development of fibrosis in certain tissues. IL-31, on the other hand, has been shown to be involved in some of the pathophysiological pathways leading to pruritus and in several inflammatory diseases, both cutaneous and systemic. Aim of the study The aim of our study was therefore to assess the expression of IL-17 and IL-31 and their receptors in four different cell types. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrated a marked expression of IL-17A and IL-31 in the lymphocytes of patients with LSA compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, female sex appears to be associated with higher values of IL-17A in fibroblasts, lymphocytes and endothelium than male sex and its receptor in keratinocytes, fibroblasts and lymphocytes. In the case of IL-31, the difference in expression between males and females was observed in all cell types and for its receptor only in keratinocytes. The marked differences in expression of IL-17A and IL31 could be associated with the clinical manifestations of the disease. On the other hand, the different expression levels of IL-31 could be related to the different prevalence of the itch symptom in the two sexes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86919