Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasm in humans and is characterized by a wide variety of clinical and histological presentations. The first-line treatment is complete surgical excision, with due consideration for aesthetic outcomes. Despite its high curability, BCC can recur, posing a relevant clinical challenge. Numerous studies have contributed to the definition of minimum surgical margins aimed at reducing the risk of recurrence. Current guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the Associazione Italiana di Oncologia Medica (AIOM) recommend variable margin widths based on BCC risk stratification: a minimum of 4 mm for low-risk BCCs, and 6 to 10 mm for high-risk lesions, particularly those located on the trunk and limbs. However, recurrences can still occur even when these recommendations are followed, suggesting the influence of multiple contributing factors that warrant further investigation. Objectives: The primary aim of this retrospective, monocentric observational study was to evaluate the 5-year recurrence incidence in patients with BCC completely excised with surgical margins ≤3 mm, confirmed not only through clinical dermatological examination but also via dermoscopic assessment. Secondary objectives included the analysis of clinical, demographic, histopathological, and surgical factors potentially associated with an increased risk of recurrence, with the goal of identifying subgroups at higher risk of therapeutic failure. Materials and Methods: The study included 294 BCCs completely excised with margins ≤3 mm in 181 patients treated between 2017 and 2019 at the dermatologic surgery outpatient clinic of the Clinical Dermatology Unit, Padua Hospital. Only cases with a clinical follow-up of at least 5 years were selected. Clinical, demographic, and histological data were collected from the histopathology report. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and Wilcoxon test, considering a p-value <0.05 as significant. Results: During the five-year follow-up, 4 recurrences (1.36%) were documented, all in male patients with a mean age of 89 years. Surgical margins ≤3 mm were significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence (p = 0.03), as was the presence of positive lateral margins of the surgical specimen (p = 0.03), despite an overall complete excision rate of 95.5%. No significant correlations were found between recurrence and sex, age, histological subtype, lesion area, ulceration, pigmentation, or anatomical site. Conclusions: The study results indicate that traditional surgical excision of BCC with margins ≤3 mm is associated, in our sample, with a low 5-year recurrence rate comparable to that reported in the literature for wider margins (ranging from 1% to 8% at 5 years post-surgery). In selected patients and with careful preoperative assessment, adopting more conservative margins appears oncologically safe. The systematic use of dermoscopy contributed to a more precise delineation of tumor margins, improving both excision accuracy and aesthetic outcomes. The five-year follow-up confirmed the reliability of reduced margins, even in cases of histologically non-radical excisions, highlighting the value of prolonged clinical monitoring in managing basal cell carcinoma.
Presupposti dello studio: Il carcinoma basocellulare (BCC) rappresenta la neoplasia più frequentemente diagnosticata nell’uomo ed è caratterizzato da un’ampia varietà di presentazioni cliniche e istologiche. Il trattamento di prima scelta è l’escissione chirurgica completa, eseguita tenendo conto anche dell’impatto estetico. Nonostante l’elevata curabilità, il BCC può recidivare rappresentando una sfida clinica rilevante. Numerosi studi hanno contribuito a definire i margini chirurgici minimi raccomandati per ridurre il rischio di recidiva. Attualmente le linee guida del National Cancer Comprehensive Network (NCCN) e dell’Associazione Italiana di Oncologia Medica (AIOM) variano in funzione del profilo di rischio del BCC: per i BCC a basso rischio minimo 4 mm e per quelli ad alto rischio a partire da 6 mm fino a 10 mm nei casi localizzati su tronco e arti. Le recidive che comunque si possono osservare pur rispettando tali linee guida dipendono da svariati fattori e necessitano di ulteriori approfondimenti. Obiettivi: Scopo principale di questo studio osservazionale retrospettivo, monocentrico, è stato valutare l’incidenza di recidiva a 5 anni in pazienti con BCC completamente escisso con margini chirurgici liberi ≤3 mm documentati non solo con l’esame obiettivo dermatologico ma anche attraverso l’esame dermatoscopico. Gli obiettivi secondari includevano l’analisi di fattori clinici, demografici, istopatologici e chirurgici potenzialmente associati a un aumentato rischio di recidiva, al fine di individuare sottogruppi a maggior rischio di insuccesso terapeutico. Materiali e metodi: Lo studio ha incluso 294 BCC completamente escissi con margini liberi ≤3 mm in 181 pazienti, trattati tra il 2017 e il 2019 presso l’ambulatorio di chirurgia dermatologica dell’Unità Operativa Clinica Dermatologica dell’Ospedale di Padova. Sono stati selezionati solo i casi con follow-up clinico di almeno 5 anni. I dati clinici, demografici e istologici sono stati raccolti dall’esito dell’esame istologico. Le analisi statistiche sono state condotte mediante test Chi-quadro, test di Fisher, Mann-Whitney e Wilcoxon, considerando significativo un p-value <0,05. Risultati: Durante il follow-up quinquennale sono state documentate 4 recidive (1,36%), tutte in pazienti di sesso maschile, con età media di 89 anni. I margini chirurgici <1 mm sono risultati significativamente associati a un aumentato rischio di recidiva (p = 0,03), così come la positività dei margini laterali della losanga chirurgica (p = 0,03), nonostante un tasso complessivo di escissione completa del 95,5%. Non sono emerse correlazioni significative tra recidiva e sesso, età, sottotipo istologico, superficie della lesione, ulcerazione, pigmentazione o sede anatomica. Conclusioni: I risultati dello studio evidenziano che l’escissione chirurgica tradizionale del BCC con margini liberi ≤3 mm è associata, nel nostro campione, a un basso tasso di recidiva a 5 anni, sovrapponibile a quello riportato in letteratura per margini più ampi (dal 1% al 8% a 5 anni dall’intervento chirurgic. In pazienti selezionati e con un’accurata valutazione preoperatoria, l’adozione di margini più conservativi risulta oncologicamente sicura. L’uso sistematico della dermoscopia ha contribuito a una più precisa definizione dei margini tumorali, migliorando sia l’accuratezza dell’escissione sia gli esiti estetici. Il follow-up quinquennale ha confermato l’affidabilità di margini ridotti, anche in presenza di escissioni istologicamente non radicali, sottolineando il valore di un monitoraggio clinico prolungato nella gestione del carcinoma basocellulare.
Studio retrospettivo di 5 anni sulle recidive del carcinoma basocellulare dopo exeresi chirurgica con margini liberi di 3 mm o inferiori
RIGOTTO, ANNA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasm in humans and is characterized by a wide variety of clinical and histological presentations. The first-line treatment is complete surgical excision, with due consideration for aesthetic outcomes. Despite its high curability, BCC can recur, posing a relevant clinical challenge. Numerous studies have contributed to the definition of minimum surgical margins aimed at reducing the risk of recurrence. Current guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the Associazione Italiana di Oncologia Medica (AIOM) recommend variable margin widths based on BCC risk stratification: a minimum of 4 mm for low-risk BCCs, and 6 to 10 mm for high-risk lesions, particularly those located on the trunk and limbs. However, recurrences can still occur even when these recommendations are followed, suggesting the influence of multiple contributing factors that warrant further investigation. Objectives: The primary aim of this retrospective, monocentric observational study was to evaluate the 5-year recurrence incidence in patients with BCC completely excised with surgical margins ≤3 mm, confirmed not only through clinical dermatological examination but also via dermoscopic assessment. Secondary objectives included the analysis of clinical, demographic, histopathological, and surgical factors potentially associated with an increased risk of recurrence, with the goal of identifying subgroups at higher risk of therapeutic failure. Materials and Methods: The study included 294 BCCs completely excised with margins ≤3 mm in 181 patients treated between 2017 and 2019 at the dermatologic surgery outpatient clinic of the Clinical Dermatology Unit, Padua Hospital. Only cases with a clinical follow-up of at least 5 years were selected. Clinical, demographic, and histological data were collected from the histopathology report. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and Wilcoxon test, considering a p-value <0.05 as significant. Results: During the five-year follow-up, 4 recurrences (1.36%) were documented, all in male patients with a mean age of 89 years. Surgical margins ≤3 mm were significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence (p = 0.03), as was the presence of positive lateral margins of the surgical specimen (p = 0.03), despite an overall complete excision rate of 95.5%. No significant correlations were found between recurrence and sex, age, histological subtype, lesion area, ulceration, pigmentation, or anatomical site. Conclusions: The study results indicate that traditional surgical excision of BCC with margins ≤3 mm is associated, in our sample, with a low 5-year recurrence rate comparable to that reported in the literature for wider margins (ranging from 1% to 8% at 5 years post-surgery). In selected patients and with careful preoperative assessment, adopting more conservative margins appears oncologically safe. The systematic use of dermoscopy contributed to a more precise delineation of tumor margins, improving both excision accuracy and aesthetic outcomes. The five-year follow-up confirmed the reliability of reduced margins, even in cases of histologically non-radical excisions, highlighting the value of prolonged clinical monitoring in managing basal cell carcinoma.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86924