Background: Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) is a condition in which preterm infants fail to reach an adequate weight or experience significant weight loss from birth to 36 weeks of gestational age or hospital discharge. The first weeks of life are a critical period during which clinical, nutritional, and metabolic factors can profoundly influence growth trajectories. However, the early determinants of growth restriction remain partially unclear, particularly regarding nutritional status, bone metabolism, and neonatal metabolomic profiles. Objective: To assess growth and identify infants with growth restriction (weight <10th percentile) at discharge, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years of corrected age. To analyze clinical, therapeutic, nutritional, and biochemical characteristics during hospitalization and related long-term outcomes. To compare neonatal urinary metabolomic profiles between EUGR and non-EUGR infants in relation to growth patterns. Materials and Methods: A total of 207 preterm infants (≤32 weeks GA) admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Padua Hospital between 2020 and 2022 were enrolled. Parenteral nutrition was initiated within 72 hours of birth. Clinical, biochemical, and nutritional data were collected until discharge. Auxological and neurodevelopmental assessments were conducted at 6 months, 1 and 2 years. Bone status was assessed using metacarpal QUS. In 49 infants, urinary metabolomic analysis was performed. Statistical analyses included group comparisons (t-tests, Chi-square), correlations (Pearson), and multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of EUGR decreased from 55.4% at discharge to 24.6% at 2 years. EUGR infants had lower gestational age and birth weight, a higher prevalence of SGA/IUGR, longer hospital stays, and poorer anthropometric parameters. Nutritionally, they received lower caloric and protein intake during the first week and month, with delayed achievement of full enteral feeding. Independent predictors of EUGR included the day of reaching 1800 g and caloric intake during the first week. EUGR infants had significantly lower bone values, which correlated positively with longitudinal growth. Reduced caloric and protein intake was also associated with lower head growth. Metabolomic analysis identified 9 urinary metabolites significantly lower in the EUGR group, suggesting early oxidative stress and potential prenatal nutritional deficiencies. Conclusions: EUGR infants showed more severe clinical conditions at birth, greater neonatal morbidity, and inadequate early nutritional intake. Neonatal metabolomic alterations suggest a role for oxidative stress and prenatal nutrition in the pathogenesis of growth restriction.
Background: Il ritardo di crescita extrauterino (EUGR) è una condizione in cui i neonati prematuri non raggiungono un peso adeguato o presentano una perdita ponderale significativa dalla nascita fino alle 36 settimane gestazionali o alla dimissione. Le prime settimane di vita rappresentano un periodo critico in cui fattori clinici, nutrizionali e metabolici possono influenzare profondamente la traiettoria di crescita. Tuttavia, i determinanti precoci del ritardo di crescita restano in parte da chiarire, in particolare per quanto riguarda lo stato nutrizionale, il metabolismo osseo e i profili metabolomici neonatali. Scopo: Valutare la crescita e identificare i bambini con ritardo di crescita (peso <10° percentile) alla dimissione, a 6 mesi, 1 anno e 2 anni di età corretta. Analizzare le caratteristiche cliniche, terapeutiche, nutrizionali e biochimiche durante il ricovero e i relativi esiti a lungo termine. Confrontare i profili metabolomici urinari neonatali tra bambini EUGR e non-EUGR in relazione all’andamento della crescita. Materiali e Metodi: Sono stati reclutati 207 neonati prematuri (≤32 settimane di gestazione) ricoverati presso la Terapia Intensiva Neonatale dell’Ospedale di Padova (2020–2022), tutti con avvio della nutrizione parenterale entro 72 ore dalla nascita. Sono stati raccolti dati clinici, biochimici e nutrizionali fino alla dimissione, ed effettuate valutazioni auxologiche e neuroevolutive a 6 mesi, 1 e 2 anni. Lo stato osseo è stato valutato tramite QUS metacarpale. In 49 bambini è stata eseguita un’analisi metabolomica urinaria. Le analisi statistiche hanno incluso confronti tra gruppi (t-test, Chi-quadrato), correlazioni (Pearson) e regressione logistica multivariata. Risultati: La prevalenza di EUGR si è ridotta dal 55,4% alla dimissione al 24,6% a 2 anni. I bambini con ritardo di crescita avevano età gestazionale e peso alla nascita inferiori, maggiore prevalenza di SGA/IUGR, durata maggiore del ricovero e peggiori parametri antropometrici. Nutrizionalmente, ricevevano meno calorie e proteine nella prima settimana e nel primo mese, e mostravano ritardo nell’inizio della nutrizione enterale completa. I predittori indipendenti di EUGR includevano il giorno di raggiungimento dei 1800 g e l’apporto calorico nella prima settimana. I bambini EUGR presentavano valori ossei significativamente più bassi e correlazioni positive tra questi e la crescita longitudinale. Un apporto calorico/proteico ridotto era associato anche a una minore crescita cefalica. L’analisi metabolomica ha identificato 9 metaboliti urinari significativamente ridotti nel gruppo EUGR, suggerendo stress ossidativo precoce e possibili carenze nutrizionali prenatali. Conclusioni: I neonati con EUGR presentavano condizioni cliniche più severe alla nascita, maggiore morbilità neonatale e apporti nutrizionali inadeguati nelle prime settimane di vita. Le alterazioni metabolomiche neonatali osservate suggeriscono un ruolo dello stress ossidativo e della nutrizione prenatale nella patogenesi del ritardo di crescita.
Dalla Terapia Intensiva Neonatale al follow-up: la crescita del neonato prematuro
MANTOVAN, FRANCESCA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) is a condition in which preterm infants fail to reach an adequate weight or experience significant weight loss from birth to 36 weeks of gestational age or hospital discharge. The first weeks of life are a critical period during which clinical, nutritional, and metabolic factors can profoundly influence growth trajectories. However, the early determinants of growth restriction remain partially unclear, particularly regarding nutritional status, bone metabolism, and neonatal metabolomic profiles. Objective: To assess growth and identify infants with growth restriction (weight <10th percentile) at discharge, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years of corrected age. To analyze clinical, therapeutic, nutritional, and biochemical characteristics during hospitalization and related long-term outcomes. To compare neonatal urinary metabolomic profiles between EUGR and non-EUGR infants in relation to growth patterns. Materials and Methods: A total of 207 preterm infants (≤32 weeks GA) admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Padua Hospital between 2020 and 2022 were enrolled. Parenteral nutrition was initiated within 72 hours of birth. Clinical, biochemical, and nutritional data were collected until discharge. Auxological and neurodevelopmental assessments were conducted at 6 months, 1 and 2 years. Bone status was assessed using metacarpal QUS. In 49 infants, urinary metabolomic analysis was performed. Statistical analyses included group comparisons (t-tests, Chi-square), correlations (Pearson), and multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of EUGR decreased from 55.4% at discharge to 24.6% at 2 years. EUGR infants had lower gestational age and birth weight, a higher prevalence of SGA/IUGR, longer hospital stays, and poorer anthropometric parameters. Nutritionally, they received lower caloric and protein intake during the first week and month, with delayed achievement of full enteral feeding. Independent predictors of EUGR included the day of reaching 1800 g and caloric intake during the first week. EUGR infants had significantly lower bone values, which correlated positively with longitudinal growth. Reduced caloric and protein intake was also associated with lower head growth. Metabolomic analysis identified 9 urinary metabolites significantly lower in the EUGR group, suggesting early oxidative stress and potential prenatal nutritional deficiencies. Conclusions: EUGR infants showed more severe clinical conditions at birth, greater neonatal morbidity, and inadequate early nutritional intake. Neonatal metabolomic alterations suggest a role for oxidative stress and prenatal nutrition in the pathogenesis of growth restriction.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87011