In preterm infants, particularly those with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), nutritional management supports postnatal growth and reduces metabolic and infectious complications. Early achievement of Full Enteral Feeding (FEF) ensures adequate nutritional intake, promotes growth, and limits the duration of parenteral nutrition, which is associated with a higher risk of systemic infections and complications such as necrotizing enterocolitis. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) enables non-invasive monitoring of intestinal and cerebral oxygenation and perfusion through parameters such as Fractional Tissue Oxygen Extraction (FTOE) and Splanchnic-Cerebral Oxygenation Ratio (SCOR), providing objective data on circulatory adaptation. This prospective study aimed to identify clinical, biochemical, and nutritional factors associated with delayed achievement of FEF in preterm infants <32 weeks gestational age or with IUGR, and to evaluate the role of intestinal perfusion using NIRS. The study was conducted at the Neonatal Intensive Care and Neonatology Units of Padua Hospital, including 382 preterm infants born between January 2019 and May 2024. Auxological and laboratory data were collected at birth, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, and nutritional and clinical parameters were monitored until 36 weeks gestational age. A subgroup of 28 patients was monitored with NIRS within 24 hours of birth and again at 7 and 14 days to assess cerebral (rSO₂ cerebral) and mesenteric (rSO₂ mesenteric) oxygen saturation, FTOE, and SCOR. The entire cohort reached FEF after a mean of 25.27 ± 16.7 days. Infants with lower gestational age and reduced anthropometric measures (weight, length, head circumference) required significantly longer to achieve FEF. Lower energy intake, prolonged parenteral nutrition, and fasting days were associated with delayed enteral autonomy. Lower plasma phosphorus and albumin levels at 21 days correlated with longer times to reach FEF. The presence of comorbidities and prolonged use of fentanyl anesthesia (Fentanest) were also linked to delayed full enteral feeding. In the IUGR subgroup (23% of the cohort), lower phosphorus and albumin levels at birth were observed, which were correlated with delayed FEF. NIRS analysis showed stable cerebral oxygen saturation between 72% and 75% during the first 14 days and a progressive increase in mesenteric saturation from 65.07% at 24 hours to 77.74% at day 14. Mesenteric FTOE was initially elevated (0.58 ± 0.27 at 24 hours), decreased by day 7, and remained stable thereafter. The SCOR ratio increased over the first two weeks. Infants with late FEF achievement (≥26 days) demonstrated a progressive increase in cerebral and mesenteric saturation over time, accompanied by a decrease in mesenteric FTOE. Logistic regression showed that elevated FTOE values at 24 hours (p=0.03) and 7 days (p=0.01) were significantly associated with longer times to reach FEF. In conclusion, achieving full enteral feeding in preterm and IUGR infants is influenced by clinical, nutritional, and biochemical variables, including low gestational age, reduced anthropometrics, comorbidities, use of sedative drugs, and metabolic imbalances such as hypophosphatemia. NIRS has proven to be a promising tool to monitor intestinal perfusion and could be employed in the future as a predictive parameter to optimize enteral feeding progression in preterm infants.
Nei neonati pretermine, in particolare quelli con restrizione della crescita intrauterina (IUGR), la gestione nutrizionale supporta l’accrescimento postnatale e ridurce complicanze metaboliche e infettive. Il raggiungimento precoce della Full Enteral Feeding (FEF) garantisce un adeguato apporto nutrizionale, promuove l’accrescimento e limita la durata della nutrizione parenterale, associata a maggior rischio di infezioni sistemiche e complicanze come enterocolite necrotizzante. La Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) permette di monitorare in modo non invasivo ossigenazione e perfusione intestinale e cerebrale tramite i parametri FTOE (Fractional Tissue Oxygen Extraction) e SCOR (Splanchnic-Cerebral Oxygenation Ratio), offrendo dati oggettivi sull’adattamento circolatorio. Lo scopo di questo studio prospettico è stato identificare parametri clinici, biochimici e nutrizionali associati al ritardo nel raggiungimento della FEF nei neonati pretermine <32 settimane o IUGR, e valutare il ruolo della perfusione intestinale tramite NIRS. Lo studio è stato condotto presso l’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova su 382 neonati prematuri nati tra gennaio 2019 e maggio 2024. Sono stati raccolti dati auxologici e laboratoristici alla nascita, a 7, 14, 21 e 28 giorni, e monitorati i parametri nutrizionali e clinici fino alle 36 settimane di età gestazionale. Un sottogruppo di 28 pazienti è stato monitorato con NIRS entro 24 ore dalla nascita, e a 7 e 14 giorni, per valutare saturazione cerebrale (rSO₂ cerebrale) e mesenterica (rSO₂ mesenterica), FTOE e SCOR. L’intero campione ha raggiunto la FEF in media dopo 25,27 ± 16,7 giorni. Neonati con età gestazionale più bassa e parametri antropometrici ridotti (peso, lunghezza, circonferenza cranica) hanno impiegato tempi significativamente maggiori per raggiungere la FEF. Un apporto energetico inferiore, durata prolungata della nutrizione parenterale e digiuno sono stati correlati a un ritardo nell’autonomia enterale. Livelli plasmatici più bassi di fosforo e albumina a 21 giorni sono stati associati a tempi maggiori per il raggiungimento della FEF. La presenza di comorbidità, così come l’uso prolungato di fentanest, hanno mostrato un’associazione con un ritardo nel raggiungimento della nutrizione enterale completa. Nel sottogruppo IUGR (23% del campione)si sono osservati livelli più bassi di fosforo e albumina alla nascita, questi ultimi correlati a ritardi nel raggiungimento della FEF. L’analisi NIRS ha evidenziato saturazioni cerebrali stabili tra il 72% e il 75% nei primi 14 giorni e un aumento progressivo della saturazione mesenterica dal 65,07% a 24 ore al 77,74% al 14° giorno. La FTOE mesenterica è risultata inizialmente elevata (0,58 ± 0,27 a 24 ore), diminuendo al 7° giorno e mantenendosi stabile successivamente. Il rapporto SCOR è aumentato nelle prime 2 settimane. I neonati con FEF tardiva (≥26 giorni) hanno mostrato un aumento progressivo della saturazione cerebrale e mesenterica nel tempo, associato a un decremento della FTOE mesenterica. La regressione logistica ha evidenziato che valori elevati di FTOE a 24 ore (p=0,03) e 7 giorni (p=0,01) sono significativamente associati a tempi più lunghi per il raggiungimento della FEF. In conclusione, il raggiungimento della nutrizione enterale completa nei neonati pretermine e IUGR è influenzato da variabili cliniche, nutrizionali e biochimiche, quali bassa età gestazionale, parametri antropometrici ridotti, presenza di comorbidità, uso di farmaci sedativi e squilibri metabolici come l'ipopfosfatemia. L’uso della NIRS si è dimostrato uno strumento promettente per monitorare la perfusione intestinale e potrebbe essere impiegato in futuro come parametro predittivo per ottimizzare la progressione dell’alimentazione enterale nei neonati pretermine.
La nutrizione enterale nel neonato prematuro: studio della funzionalità intestinale e dei fattori che favoriscono il raggiungimento della Full Enteral Feeding
PASQUARIELLO, ALESSIA
2024/2025
Abstract
In preterm infants, particularly those with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), nutritional management supports postnatal growth and reduces metabolic and infectious complications. Early achievement of Full Enteral Feeding (FEF) ensures adequate nutritional intake, promotes growth, and limits the duration of parenteral nutrition, which is associated with a higher risk of systemic infections and complications such as necrotizing enterocolitis. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) enables non-invasive monitoring of intestinal and cerebral oxygenation and perfusion through parameters such as Fractional Tissue Oxygen Extraction (FTOE) and Splanchnic-Cerebral Oxygenation Ratio (SCOR), providing objective data on circulatory adaptation. This prospective study aimed to identify clinical, biochemical, and nutritional factors associated with delayed achievement of FEF in preterm infants <32 weeks gestational age or with IUGR, and to evaluate the role of intestinal perfusion using NIRS. The study was conducted at the Neonatal Intensive Care and Neonatology Units of Padua Hospital, including 382 preterm infants born between January 2019 and May 2024. Auxological and laboratory data were collected at birth, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, and nutritional and clinical parameters were monitored until 36 weeks gestational age. A subgroup of 28 patients was monitored with NIRS within 24 hours of birth and again at 7 and 14 days to assess cerebral (rSO₂ cerebral) and mesenteric (rSO₂ mesenteric) oxygen saturation, FTOE, and SCOR. The entire cohort reached FEF after a mean of 25.27 ± 16.7 days. Infants with lower gestational age and reduced anthropometric measures (weight, length, head circumference) required significantly longer to achieve FEF. Lower energy intake, prolonged parenteral nutrition, and fasting days were associated with delayed enteral autonomy. Lower plasma phosphorus and albumin levels at 21 days correlated with longer times to reach FEF. The presence of comorbidities and prolonged use of fentanyl anesthesia (Fentanest) were also linked to delayed full enteral feeding. In the IUGR subgroup (23% of the cohort), lower phosphorus and albumin levels at birth were observed, which were correlated with delayed FEF. NIRS analysis showed stable cerebral oxygen saturation between 72% and 75% during the first 14 days and a progressive increase in mesenteric saturation from 65.07% at 24 hours to 77.74% at day 14. Mesenteric FTOE was initially elevated (0.58 ± 0.27 at 24 hours), decreased by day 7, and remained stable thereafter. The SCOR ratio increased over the first two weeks. Infants with late FEF achievement (≥26 days) demonstrated a progressive increase in cerebral and mesenteric saturation over time, accompanied by a decrease in mesenteric FTOE. Logistic regression showed that elevated FTOE values at 24 hours (p=0.03) and 7 days (p=0.01) were significantly associated with longer times to reach FEF. In conclusion, achieving full enteral feeding in preterm and IUGR infants is influenced by clinical, nutritional, and biochemical variables, including low gestational age, reduced anthropometrics, comorbidities, use of sedative drugs, and metabolic imbalances such as hypophosphatemia. NIRS has proven to be a promising tool to monitor intestinal perfusion and could be employed in the future as a predictive parameter to optimize enteral feeding progression in preterm infants.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87013