Introduction. Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is the most common cyanotic CHD and is classified among conditions with reduced pulmonary blood flow. Advances in surgical techniques and a better understanding of long-term complications have allowed an increasing number of patients to survive into adulthood. Patients with CHD often exhibit reduced levels of physical activity because of a conservative approach to sports and exercise. A position statement published in 2020 by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) on competitive sports participation among patients with congenital heart disease identifies four eligibility classes (A= all sports; B= all but endurance, C= skill sport, D = non-eligible). Objectives. The aim of the study is to evaluate eligibility for competitive sports participation based on the 2020 ESC position statement in a real-world cohort of patients with repaired ToF (rToF) and to explore the association between ESC 2020 classification and cardiorespiratory fitness. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 95 patients with rToF who performed a maximal CPET at the University Hospital of Padova. Imaging and self-reported physical activity data were collected. Patients were then classified into the sports eligibility classes defined by the ESC 2020 statement. To obtain a sufficient numerosity for the analysis, class A and B were merged into the "AB" class. Based on clinical interview, patients were thus divided in sedentary (SED) and those engaged in structured physical activity (SPA). Results. 95 patients were included. The median age was 20 years (IQR 14-27). A total of 60 patients (63.2%) were male. Most patients were classified into ESC class C (55.8%), followed by class D (28.4%) and class AB (15.8%). The main cause of downgrading was the presence of volume overload with mild remodelling (37 patients), followed by combination of multiple elements (18 patients) and volume overload with severe remodelling (14 patients). 35.5% of patients engaged in regular physical activity, while 64.5% were sedentary. Age, BMI and blood pressure were significantly lower, while METs, VO2 peak/kg and predicted VO2 were significantly higher in SPA than SED. The population was thus selected including only subjects aged 10-30 years. In this population, SpO2 and blood pressure remained significantly lower in the SPA group, while METs, VO2 peak/kg and predicted VO2 continued to be significantly higher in SPA than SED. Conclusion. The application of the ESC 2020 guidelines to a real cohort of individuals with rToF shows that 72% could even perform competitive sports albeit of different types based on the specific class, but many of these subjects have a sedentary lifestyle. In addition, even just structured (non-competitive) exercise dosed according to the possibilities of the individual subjects, even those excluded by the guidelines from any competitive sport, confers a significant advantage in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness, which is one of the main independent predictors of survival even in subjects with chronic disease. These findings highlight the potential value of structured exercise prescriptions in improving the overall quality of life for people with rToF. In competitive sports eligibility, ESC classification represents a practical tool to identify criteria and contraindications.
Introduzione. La Tetralogia di Fallot (ToF) è la più comune cardiopatia congenita cianogena ed è classificata tra le malattie da ridotto afflusso polmonare. I progressi nelle tecniche chirurgiche e nella gestione delle complicanze a lungo termine hanno permesso a un numero crescente di pazienti di raggiungere l’età adulta. I pazienti con CHD mostrano spesso livelli ridotti di attività fisica a causa di un approccio conservativo nei confronti dello sport e dell’esercizio fisico. Un documento di consenso pubblicato nel 2020 dalla Società Europea di Cardiologia (ESC) riguardante la partecipazione allo sport competitivo nei pazienti con CHD identifica quattro classi di idoneità (A= tutti gli sport, B= tutti tranne quelli di resistenza, C= sport di abilità, D= non idonei). Scopi. L’obiettivo dello studio è valutare l’idoneità alla partecipazione agli sport competitivi, sulla base del documento ESC 2020 in una coorte reale di pazienti con rToF, e verificare l’associazione tra la classificazione ESC 2020 e la capacità cardiorespiratoria. Materiali e metodi. È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo su 95 pazienti con rToF che hanno eseguito un CPET massimale presso l’Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Padova. I pazienti sono stati quindi classificati secondo le classi di idoneità sportiva definite dal documento ESC 2020. Per garantire una numerosità adeguata all’analisi, le classi A e B sono state unite nella classe “AB”. In base all’anamnesi i pazienti sono stati inoltre suddivisi in sedentari (SED) e in soggetti che praticavano attività fisica strutturata (SPA). Risultati. Sono stati inclusi 95 pazienti. L’età mediana era di 20 anni (IQR 14-27). In totale, 60 pazienti (63.2%) erano di sesso maschile. La maggior parte dei pazienti è stata classificata in classe C (55.8%), seguita da classe D (28.4%) e dalla classe AB (15.8%). La causa principale di declassamento è risultata la presenza di sovraccarico di volume con rimodellamento lieve (37 pazienti), seguita dalla combinazione di più elementi (18 pazienti) e dal sovraccarico di volume con rimodellamento severo (14 pazienti). Il 35.5% dei pazienti praticava regolarmente attività fisica, mentre il 64.5% risultava sedentario. Età, BMI e pressione arteriosa erano significativamente inferiori, mentre METs, VO2 picco e il VO2 predetto erano significativamente superiori nel gruppo SPA rispetto al gruppo SED. È stata quindi selezionata una sottopopolazione includendo solo i soggetti di età compresa tra 10 e 30 anni. In questa popolazione, SpO2 e la pressione arteriosa sono rimaste significativamente inferiori nel gruppo SPA, mentre i METs, VO2 picco e il VO2 predetto continuavano a essere significativamente superiori negli SPA rispetto ai SED. Conclusione. L’applicazione delle line guida ESC 2020 a una coorte reale di soggetti con rToF mostra che il 72% potrebbe praticare sport agonistico, seppur in modi differenti a seconda della classe di appartenenza; tuttavia, molti di questi pazienti conducono uno stile di vita sedentario. Inoltre, anche il solo esercizio strutturato (non competitivo), prescritto sulle possibilità individuali dei soggetti, anche in quelli non idonei per qualsiasi attività sportiva agonistica, conferisce un vantaggio significativo in termini di fitness cardiorespiratoria, uno dei principali predittori indipendenti di sopravvivenza anche in soggetti con patologia cronica. Questi risultati evidenziano il potenziale valore delle prescrizioni di esercizio strutturato nel migliorare la qualità della vita complessiva delle persone con rToF. Nel contesto dell’idoneità sportiva, la classificazione ESC rappresenta uno strumento pratico per identificare i criteri di idoneità o le controindicazioni.
Functional evaluation of patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: comparison among competitive sports eligibility classes
RUZZA, ALBERTO
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction. Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is the most common cyanotic CHD and is classified among conditions with reduced pulmonary blood flow. Advances in surgical techniques and a better understanding of long-term complications have allowed an increasing number of patients to survive into adulthood. Patients with CHD often exhibit reduced levels of physical activity because of a conservative approach to sports and exercise. A position statement published in 2020 by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) on competitive sports participation among patients with congenital heart disease identifies four eligibility classes (A= all sports; B= all but endurance, C= skill sport, D = non-eligible). Objectives. The aim of the study is to evaluate eligibility for competitive sports participation based on the 2020 ESC position statement in a real-world cohort of patients with repaired ToF (rToF) and to explore the association between ESC 2020 classification and cardiorespiratory fitness. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 95 patients with rToF who performed a maximal CPET at the University Hospital of Padova. Imaging and self-reported physical activity data were collected. Patients were then classified into the sports eligibility classes defined by the ESC 2020 statement. To obtain a sufficient numerosity for the analysis, class A and B were merged into the "AB" class. Based on clinical interview, patients were thus divided in sedentary (SED) and those engaged in structured physical activity (SPA). Results. 95 patients were included. The median age was 20 years (IQR 14-27). A total of 60 patients (63.2%) were male. Most patients were classified into ESC class C (55.8%), followed by class D (28.4%) and class AB (15.8%). The main cause of downgrading was the presence of volume overload with mild remodelling (37 patients), followed by combination of multiple elements (18 patients) and volume overload with severe remodelling (14 patients). 35.5% of patients engaged in regular physical activity, while 64.5% were sedentary. Age, BMI and blood pressure were significantly lower, while METs, VO2 peak/kg and predicted VO2 were significantly higher in SPA than SED. The population was thus selected including only subjects aged 10-30 years. In this population, SpO2 and blood pressure remained significantly lower in the SPA group, while METs, VO2 peak/kg and predicted VO2 continued to be significantly higher in SPA than SED. Conclusion. The application of the ESC 2020 guidelines to a real cohort of individuals with rToF shows that 72% could even perform competitive sports albeit of different types based on the specific class, but many of these subjects have a sedentary lifestyle. In addition, even just structured (non-competitive) exercise dosed according to the possibilities of the individual subjects, even those excluded by the guidelines from any competitive sport, confers a significant advantage in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness, which is one of the main independent predictors of survival even in subjects with chronic disease. These findings highlight the potential value of structured exercise prescriptions in improving the overall quality of life for people with rToF. In competitive sports eligibility, ESC classification represents a practical tool to identify criteria and contraindications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87014