Background: Over the years, Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become the standard approach for treatment of severe aortic stenosis in patients over the age of 75, regardless of their surgical risk profile. The Edwards SAPIEN 3/Ultra balloon-expandable valve, available in four sizes, is designed to treat annuli ranging from 273 mm² to 683 mm². In cases where the annular area falls between two standard sizes, it is common practice to adjust the balloon inflation volume to optimize procedural outcomes, taking into account patient-specific anatomical characteristics. To date, however, no clear guidelines exist to guide valve sizing or filling strategy in these borderline cases. Study Objective: The aim is to highlight clinical and ecocardiographic outcomes in TAVR-treated patients using SAPIEN 3/Ultra valves, stratified according to the balloon filling strategy (nominal, underfilling, and overfilling), with a particular focus on borderline annulus sizes. Methods: The INTERMEDIATE-TAVR registry is a retrospective, international and multicentric study involving patients who underwent TAVR, treated with SAPIEN 3/Ultra valves, between 2015 and 2023. All patients had preprocedural EKG-gated CT to assess aortic annulus area, perimeter, diameters, and left ventricular outflow tract dimensions. A transthoracic echocardiography was performed at baseline, 30 days and 1-year follow-up. The follow-up was defined as the time interval between the procedure and the most recent contact with the patient (if alive) or the documented date of death. The primary endpoint was the all-cause mortality at the longest available follow-up. Secondary endpoints included device success, as defined by VARC-3 criteria, and echocardiography-evaluated mean gradient value at the 30 days and 1 year. Results: Among the 718 patients included, 9 (1.2%) received a 20 mm valve, 338 (47.0%) a 23 mm, 288 (40.1%) a 26 mm, and 83 (11.6%) a 29 mm. Based on balloon filling technique, 58 patients (8.1%) received an underfilled valve, 579 (80.6%) a nominal filled, and 81 (11.3%) an overfilled. Overall, 288 patients (40.1%) had a borderline annulus: 54 (7.5%) fell between the 20 and 23 mm sizing range, 128 (44.5%) between 23 and 26 mm, and 106 (36.8%) between 26 and 29 mm. Due to the low number of 20 mm implants, this group was excluded from subsequent analysis. The median follow-up duration was 665 days (IQR 379–824 days). All-cause mortality occurred in 27 patients (3.8%), with no statistically significant differences among filling strategies (p = 0.37), nor among borderline subgroups (p>0,35). Similarly, no significant differences were observed in device success rates between filling groups (p > 0.05). In multivariable analysis, male sex and aortic annulus area emerged as independent predictors of device success (OR 2.89; 95% CI 1.10–7.60; p = 0.03 and OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00–1.02; p = 0.04). At 30-day follow-up, patients treated with an underfilled 23 mm valve showed significantly higher mean gradients compared to those receiving nominally filled or overfilled 23 mm valves (p = 0.004). However, this difference was no longer statistically significant at 1-year follow-up. Finally, in the subgroup of patients with borderline annuli, no significant differences in mean gradients were found between underfilled larger valves and overfilled smaller valves at either 30 days or 1 year (p > 0.05). Conclusions: A borderline aortic annulus is a frequently encountered between patients undergoing TAVR with SAPIEN 3/Ultra valves. In this cases, adjusting the balloon inflation volume represents a safe and effective approach. Considering no detrimental impact on device success or mid-term survival was observed, the selection between an underfilled larger valve or an overfilled smaller valve should be guided by patient-specific complementary anatomical elements. However, long-term studies are needed to evaluate prosthesis durability and late outcomes.
Introduzione: La sostituzione transcatetere della valvola aortica (TAVR) è la tecnica di riferimento per il trattamento della stenosi aortica severa nei pazienti di età superiore a 75 anni, a prescindere dal rischio operatorio. La valvola Edwards SAPIEN 3/Ultra, espandibile su pallone e disponibile in quattro sizing, è progettata per trattare annulus tra 273 mm2 e 683 mm2. Nei casi di annulus di dimensioni intermedie tra due misure standard, è pratica comune modulare il riempimento del pallone, al fine di ottimizzare il risultato basandosi sull’anatomia del paziente. Ad oggi non esistono linee guida chiare che orientino la selezione della valvola o del filling in questi setting borderline. Obiettivo: Analizzare gli outcome clinici ed ecocardiografici in pazienti sottoposti a TAVR con SAPIEN 3/Ultra, considerando la strategia di filling (nominale, underfilling e overfilling), in particolare negli annulus borderline tra sizing della bioprotesi. Metodi: Il registro INTERMEDIATE-TAVR è uno studio retrospettivo, internazionale e multicentrico che raccoglie i pazienti sottoposti a TAVR con valvole SAPIEN 3/Ultra tra il 2015 e il 2023. Tutti i pazienti sono stati valutati con TC ECG-gated, per la misurazione di area, perimetro, e diametri dell’annulus e dei diametri del tratto di efflusso ventricolare sinistro. Un’ecocardiografia transtoracica è stata eseguita alla valutazione iniziale, a 30 giorni e ad un anno. Il follow-up è stato definito come l’intervallo di tempo tra la procedura e il più recente contatto con il paziente (se in vita) o la data del decesso documentato. L’endpoint primario è rappresentato dalla mortalità per tutte le cause al follow-up più lungo disponibile. Gli endpoint secondari comprendono il device success, definito con i criteri VARC-3, e il gradiente medio ecocardiografico, a 30 giorni e ad un anno. Risultati: Dei 718 pazienti arruolati, 9 (1,2%) hanno ricevuto valvole da 20 mm, 338 (47,0%) da 23 mm, 288 (40,1%) da 26 mm e 83 (11,6%) da 29 mm. Considerando la tecnica di filling, 58 pazienti (8,1%) hanno ricevuto valvole underfilled, 579 (80,6%) nominal-filled e 81 (11,3%) overfilled. In totale, 288 pazienti (40,1%) presentavano un annulus borderline: 54 (7,5%) rientravano tra 20 mm e 23 mm, 128 (44,5%) tra 23 mm e 26 mm e 106 (36,8%) tra 26 mm e 29 mm. A causa del numero esiguo di impianti con valvole 20 mm, tale gruppo è stato escluso dalle analisi successive. Il follow-up medio è stato di 665 giorni (IQR 379–824 giorni). La mortalità per tutte le cause è stata osservata in 27 pazienti (3,8%), senza differenze significative tra i vari gruppi di filling (p = 0,37) né tra i sottogruppi con annulus borderline (p>0,35). Analogamente, non sono emerse differenze significative nei tassi di device success tra i gruppi definiti in base al filling (p > 0,05). All'analisi multivariata, il sesso maschile e l'area dell'annulus si sono confermati predittori indipendenti di device success (OR 2,89; IC 95% 1,10–7,60; p = 0,03 e OR 1,01; IC 95% 1,00–1,02; p = 0,04). A 30 giorni, il gradiente medio risultava più alto nelle valvole 23 mm underfilled rispetto alle 23 mm nominal-filled o overfilled (p = 0,004), ma la differenza non si è mantenuta ad un anno. Infine, l’analisi dei pazienti con annulus borderline non ha evidenziato differenze significative nei gradienti medi tra valvole underfilled e overfilled, né a 30 giorni né a un anno (p > 0,05). Conclusioni: L’annulus aortico borderline è frequente nei pazienti sottoposti a TAVR con valvole SAPIEN 3/Ultra. In questi casi, la modulazione del riempimento del pallone si conferma sicura ed efficace. Considerata l'assenza di effetti negativi su device success e mortalità a medio termine, la scelta tra valvole maggiori underfilled o minori overfilled dovrebbe basarsi su elementi anatomici che possano orientare il sizing finale della valvola. Studi futuri saranno necessari per valutare la durabilità e gli esiti a lungo termine.
Impact of under- and over-filling of balloon-expandable Sapien 3/Ultra transcatheter aortic valve for borderline aortic annulus size: The INTERMEDIATE-TAVR registry.
GRASSI, LORENZO
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Over the years, Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become the standard approach for treatment of severe aortic stenosis in patients over the age of 75, regardless of their surgical risk profile. The Edwards SAPIEN 3/Ultra balloon-expandable valve, available in four sizes, is designed to treat annuli ranging from 273 mm² to 683 mm². In cases where the annular area falls between two standard sizes, it is common practice to adjust the balloon inflation volume to optimize procedural outcomes, taking into account patient-specific anatomical characteristics. To date, however, no clear guidelines exist to guide valve sizing or filling strategy in these borderline cases. Study Objective: The aim is to highlight clinical and ecocardiographic outcomes in TAVR-treated patients using SAPIEN 3/Ultra valves, stratified according to the balloon filling strategy (nominal, underfilling, and overfilling), with a particular focus on borderline annulus sizes. Methods: The INTERMEDIATE-TAVR registry is a retrospective, international and multicentric study involving patients who underwent TAVR, treated with SAPIEN 3/Ultra valves, between 2015 and 2023. All patients had preprocedural EKG-gated CT to assess aortic annulus area, perimeter, diameters, and left ventricular outflow tract dimensions. A transthoracic echocardiography was performed at baseline, 30 days and 1-year follow-up. The follow-up was defined as the time interval between the procedure and the most recent contact with the patient (if alive) or the documented date of death. The primary endpoint was the all-cause mortality at the longest available follow-up. Secondary endpoints included device success, as defined by VARC-3 criteria, and echocardiography-evaluated mean gradient value at the 30 days and 1 year. Results: Among the 718 patients included, 9 (1.2%) received a 20 mm valve, 338 (47.0%) a 23 mm, 288 (40.1%) a 26 mm, and 83 (11.6%) a 29 mm. Based on balloon filling technique, 58 patients (8.1%) received an underfilled valve, 579 (80.6%) a nominal filled, and 81 (11.3%) an overfilled. Overall, 288 patients (40.1%) had a borderline annulus: 54 (7.5%) fell between the 20 and 23 mm sizing range, 128 (44.5%) between 23 and 26 mm, and 106 (36.8%) between 26 and 29 mm. Due to the low number of 20 mm implants, this group was excluded from subsequent analysis. The median follow-up duration was 665 days (IQR 379–824 days). All-cause mortality occurred in 27 patients (3.8%), with no statistically significant differences among filling strategies (p = 0.37), nor among borderline subgroups (p>0,35). Similarly, no significant differences were observed in device success rates between filling groups (p > 0.05). In multivariable analysis, male sex and aortic annulus area emerged as independent predictors of device success (OR 2.89; 95% CI 1.10–7.60; p = 0.03 and OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00–1.02; p = 0.04). At 30-day follow-up, patients treated with an underfilled 23 mm valve showed significantly higher mean gradients compared to those receiving nominally filled or overfilled 23 mm valves (p = 0.004). However, this difference was no longer statistically significant at 1-year follow-up. Finally, in the subgroup of patients with borderline annuli, no significant differences in mean gradients were found between underfilled larger valves and overfilled smaller valves at either 30 days or 1 year (p > 0.05). Conclusions: A borderline aortic annulus is a frequently encountered between patients undergoing TAVR with SAPIEN 3/Ultra valves. In this cases, adjusting the balloon inflation volume represents a safe and effective approach. Considering no detrimental impact on device success or mid-term survival was observed, the selection between an underfilled larger valve or an overfilled smaller valve should be guided by patient-specific complementary anatomical elements. However, long-term studies are needed to evaluate prosthesis durability and late outcomes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
GRASSI LORENZO 8 LUGLIO.pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
3.56 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
3.56 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87097