Background: In recent years, High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNO) therapy has progressively established itself among the therapeutic options for the management of acute respiratory failure (ARF), offering a viable alternative to conventional oxygen therapy (COT) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV). HFNO is a noninvasive respiratory support system which allows heated and humidified gas, capable of providing flows up to 60–70 L/min with adjustable oxygen concentrations ranging from 21% to 100%. Thanks to these features, it improves oxygenation, enhances mucociliary clearance, reduces anatomical dead space ventilation, and promotes alveolar recruitment, leading to a reduction in respiratory workload and an improvement in patient compliance. For these reasons, since 2022 the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) have recommended the use of HFNC in a range of clinical, both surgical and non-surgical, settings. At the moment, the optimization of HFNC delivery interfaces represents a major area of interest and development. Among the most recent innovations is the introduction of a nasal interface with asymmetric prongs (Optiflow® Duet system, Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, New Zealand), which, compared to traditional cannulas with symmetrically sized prongs, allows a differential distribution of flows between the two nostrils. This configuration would theoretically allow for increased positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and greater washout of CO2 from the upper airways, leading to improved ventilatory efficiency and reduced inspiratory effort compared to standard interfaces. A recent physiological study comparing symmetric and asymmetric interfaces in patients with mild hypoxemic ARF showed an increase in experienced comfort when using the asymmetric device, without detecting substantial differences in respiratory parameters or gas exchange. Given that comfort and tolerance are crucial for the success of prolonged noninvasive oxygenation therapies, even minimal changes in interface design may impact these outcomes. Aims of the study: The purpose of this prospective physiological study is, primary, to assess in patients with ARF, the comfort during oxygen support with asymmetrical HFNCs, comparing two cannula sizes, one completely occluding the nostril and one smaller. Secondary outcomes are patient dyspnea, lung aeration assessed with electrical impedance tomography (EIT), ventilatory efficiency and gas exchanges. Methods: In this interventional randomized controlled trial (cross-over type and single-centre) (ClinicalTrial.gov NCT06778291), 40 adult patients were included. The study enrolled ICU patients (>18 years old) requiring oxygen support, in absence of tracheostomy, clinical evidence of nare occlusion or needing nasogastric tubes, for mandatory clinical reasons, placed in the left nostril. Before any treatment, all patients followed two consecutive 20-minutes ventilation phases according to the randomized sequence 'fully occluding HFNC' Optiflow® Duet and 'partially occluding HFNC' and viceversa.
Negli ultimi anni, l’ossigenoterapia ad alto flusso nasale (HFNO) si è affermata tra le opzioni terapeutiche per la gestione dell'insufficienza respiratoria acuta (IRA) come valida alternativa all'ossigenoterapia convenzionale e alla ventilazione non invasiva. L'HFNO è un sistema di supporto respiratorio non invasivo che consente la somministrazione di gas riscaldato e umidificato, con un flusso fino a 60-70 L/min e una FiO2 titolabile fino al 100%. Si è dimostrata efficace nel miglioramento dell'ossigenazione, della clearance mucociliare, nella riduzione dello spazio morto anatomico e nel promuovere il reclutamento alveolare, riducendo il lavoro respiratorio e migliorando la compliance. Per questi motivi, dal 2022, sia la European Respiratory Society (ERS) che la European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) ne raccomandano l'uso in diversi contesti clinici, sia chirurgici che non chirurgici. Attualmente, l'ottimizzazione delle interfacce di cannule nasali ad alto flusso (HFNC) rappresenta un'importante area di interesse e sviluppo. Tra le innovazioni più recenti vi è l'introduzione di un’interfaccia nasale con rebbi asimmetrici (Optiflow® Duet, Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, Nuova Zelanda) che, rispetto alle cannule tradizionali con rebbi simmetrici, consente una distribuzione differenziale dei flussi tra le due narici. Questa configurazione consentirebbe, sul piano teorico, l’aumento della pressione positiva di fine espirazione (PEEP) e maggior wash out della CO2 delle vie aeree superiori, migliorando l'efficienza ventilatoria e riducendo lo sforzo inspiratorio. Un recente studio fisiologico ha confrontato HFNC simmetriche e asimmetriche in pazienti con IRA ipossiemica lieve, evidenziando un aumento del comfort con HFNC asimmetriche, senza rilevare differenze sostanziali nei parametri ventilatori o agli scambi gassosi. Dato che il comfort è cruciale per il successo dell'ossigenoterapia non invasiva prolungata, anche minime modifiche al design dell'interfaccia possono influire sui risultati. L’obiettivo primario di questo studio prospettico fisiologico è valutare il comfort nei pazienti con insufficienza respiratoria acuta sottoposti a ossigenoterapia con HFNC asimmetriche, confrontando due misure di cannula, una che occlude completamente la narice e una di misura inferiore. Gli esiti secondari sono la dispnea, l'aerazione polmonare valutata tramite tomografia ad impedenza elettrica (EIT), l'efficienza ventilatoria e gli scambi gassosi. In questo studio interventistico randomizzato controllato (di tipo cross-over e monocentrico) sono stati inclusi 27 pazienti adulti in terapia intensiva (>18 anni) che necessitavano di ossigenoterapia, in assenza di tracheostomia, occlusione delle narici o necessità di sondini nasogastrici. Prima del trattamento, è stata acquisita un'immagine delle narici del paziente e ne è stata calcolata l’area al fine di scegliere in base alle dimensioni delle narici, le dimensioni della cannulaNegli ultimi dieci minuti di ogni fase, sono stati raccolti i dati: comfort, dispnea, efficienza ventilatoria, aerazione polmonare, scambi gassosi e parametri vitali e infine è stata condotta un'analisi in base alla frequenza respiratoria basale. Nei pazienti con insufficienza respiratoria acuta (ARF), il design della cannula non ha migliorato in modo significativo il comfort, la dispnea o gli scambi gassosi. L’HFNC con occlusione completa potrebbe avere un impatto negativo sull’efficienza ventilatoria e sull’aerazione polmonare in alcuni pazienti, in particolare in quelli con frequenze respiratorie basali più basse.
Il comfort dei pazienti durante la terapia con ossigenoterapia ad alto flusso con cannule asimmetriche - il trial Comfoxy-1.
ZANAGA, ALESSIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: In recent years, High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNO) therapy has progressively established itself among the therapeutic options for the management of acute respiratory failure (ARF), offering a viable alternative to conventional oxygen therapy (COT) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV). HFNO is a noninvasive respiratory support system which allows heated and humidified gas, capable of providing flows up to 60–70 L/min with adjustable oxygen concentrations ranging from 21% to 100%. Thanks to these features, it improves oxygenation, enhances mucociliary clearance, reduces anatomical dead space ventilation, and promotes alveolar recruitment, leading to a reduction in respiratory workload and an improvement in patient compliance. For these reasons, since 2022 the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) have recommended the use of HFNC in a range of clinical, both surgical and non-surgical, settings. At the moment, the optimization of HFNC delivery interfaces represents a major area of interest and development. Among the most recent innovations is the introduction of a nasal interface with asymmetric prongs (Optiflow® Duet system, Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, New Zealand), which, compared to traditional cannulas with symmetrically sized prongs, allows a differential distribution of flows between the two nostrils. This configuration would theoretically allow for increased positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and greater washout of CO2 from the upper airways, leading to improved ventilatory efficiency and reduced inspiratory effort compared to standard interfaces. A recent physiological study comparing symmetric and asymmetric interfaces in patients with mild hypoxemic ARF showed an increase in experienced comfort when using the asymmetric device, without detecting substantial differences in respiratory parameters or gas exchange. Given that comfort and tolerance are crucial for the success of prolonged noninvasive oxygenation therapies, even minimal changes in interface design may impact these outcomes. Aims of the study: The purpose of this prospective physiological study is, primary, to assess in patients with ARF, the comfort during oxygen support with asymmetrical HFNCs, comparing two cannula sizes, one completely occluding the nostril and one smaller. Secondary outcomes are patient dyspnea, lung aeration assessed with electrical impedance tomography (EIT), ventilatory efficiency and gas exchanges. Methods: In this interventional randomized controlled trial (cross-over type and single-centre) (ClinicalTrial.gov NCT06778291), 40 adult patients were included. The study enrolled ICU patients (>18 years old) requiring oxygen support, in absence of tracheostomy, clinical evidence of nare occlusion or needing nasogastric tubes, for mandatory clinical reasons, placed in the left nostril. Before any treatment, all patients followed two consecutive 20-minutes ventilation phases according to the randomized sequence 'fully occluding HFNC' Optiflow® Duet and 'partially occluding HFNC' and viceversa.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87100