Male infertility represents a clinically significant and relevant issue, as it is responsible for approximately half of all unsuccessful pregnancies. Despite advances in andrological diagnostics, a significant proportion of cases remains idiopathic, highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary approach. This work provides an overview of the main causes of male infertility and describes its various etiologies, focusing on the molecular characteristics of sperm and the role of oxidative stress—a key factor in DNA and mitochondrial damage in sperm cells. A comprehensive diagnostic pathway for male infertility is also discussed, emphasizing that although semen analysis is the gold standard, it has limitations due to intra- and inter-individual variability. This pushes the scientific community to search for new, second-level diagnostic tests. The study aims to assess the usefulness of molecular biomarkers in evaluating semen quality in a sample of normozoospermic infertile men. Following WHO guidelines (2021), 109 semen samples were analyzed, including 38 from men diagnosed with infertility and 71 from men undergoing routine andrological evaluations. The study investigated the relationships between semen parameters and four specific biomarkers under investigation (mitochondrial DNA copy number, RCR, telomere length, and intracellular oxidative stress), as well as correlations among the biomarkers themselves with the goal of identifying new tests to be incorporated into the diagnostic process. Additionally, the impact of certain behaviors on semen quality was evaluated in order to confirm their role in fertility and to better understand the mechanisms underlying the damage they may cause.
L’infertilità maschile rappresenta un problema clinico di crescente rilevanza in quanto è alla base di circa la metà delle mancate gravidanze. Nonostante i progressi nella diagnostica andrologica, una percentuale significativa di casi resta idiopatica, sottolineando la necessità di un approfondimento multidisciplinare. Questo lavoro fornisce una panoramica sulle principali cause dell’infertilità maschile e ne esplora le diverse eziologie, prestando particolare attenzione all’aspetto molecolare degli spermatozoi e al ruolo dello stress ossidativo, fattore chiave nel danno al DNA e ai mitocondri spermatici. Si descrive anche l’iter diagnostico completo per l’infertilità maschile, sottolineando come l'analisi del liquido seminale, sebbene centrale, presenti dei limiti legati alla variabilità intra- e interindividuale, spingendo la comunità scientifica a cercare nuove analisi di secondo livello. Lo studio mira a valutare l’utilità di biomarcatori molecolari nella valutazione della qualità seminale in un campione di uomini infertili normozoospermici. Si sono quindi analizzati, secondo le linee guida WHO (2021), i liquidi seminali di 109 uomini tra cui 38 con diagnosi di infertilità e 71 che stavano svolgendo un normale controllo andrologico. Si sono poi indagate le relazioni esistenti tra i parametri del liquido seminale e 4 marcatori oggetto di studio (numero di copie del DNA mitocondriale, RCR, lunghezza dei telomeri e stress ossidativo intracellulare) e tra i marcatori stessi, al fine di individuare nuovi esami da inserire nell’iter diagnostico. Inoltre si è valutato l’impatto di alcuni comportamenti sulla qualità seminale per confermare o smentire il loro ruolo nella fertilità e comprendere meglio quale meccanismo è alla base del danno da essi apportato.
Aspetti molecolari dell’infertilità maschile: Ruolo di ROS, Telomeri e Mitocondri come indicatori della qualità spermatica
ALLEGRINI, GIULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Male infertility represents a clinically significant and relevant issue, as it is responsible for approximately half of all unsuccessful pregnancies. Despite advances in andrological diagnostics, a significant proportion of cases remains idiopathic, highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary approach. This work provides an overview of the main causes of male infertility and describes its various etiologies, focusing on the molecular characteristics of sperm and the role of oxidative stress—a key factor in DNA and mitochondrial damage in sperm cells. A comprehensive diagnostic pathway for male infertility is also discussed, emphasizing that although semen analysis is the gold standard, it has limitations due to intra- and inter-individual variability. This pushes the scientific community to search for new, second-level diagnostic tests. The study aims to assess the usefulness of molecular biomarkers in evaluating semen quality in a sample of normozoospermic infertile men. Following WHO guidelines (2021), 109 semen samples were analyzed, including 38 from men diagnosed with infertility and 71 from men undergoing routine andrological evaluations. The study investigated the relationships between semen parameters and four specific biomarkers under investigation (mitochondrial DNA copy number, RCR, telomere length, and intracellular oxidative stress), as well as correlations among the biomarkers themselves with the goal of identifying new tests to be incorporated into the diagnostic process. Additionally, the impact of certain behaviors on semen quality was evaluated in order to confirm their role in fertility and to better understand the mechanisms underlying the damage they may cause.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87174