Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare (1-2 cases per million/year), aggressive and with poor prognosis neoplasm. Its incidence follows a bimodal distribution with a first peak during childhood and a second between 40 and 50 years of age. The prevalence is higher in females. Suspicion of ACC may arise from symptoms related to hormonal hypersecretion, mass effect-related symptoms, or incidental discovery of an adrenal mass on imaging. Although the main prognostic factors are known, prognostic classification in these patients is still not well defined. Mitotane, a drug widely used in patients with ACC either as a monotherapy or in combination with systemic chemotherapy with EDP, has both cytotoxic activity and a blocking effect on steroidogenesis in the adrenal cortex. Although it is an effective drug, it can lead to significant side effects. Among them, mitotane is known to have a major impact on both hepatic and lipid metabolism. Aim of the study: to evaluate the impact of therapy and hormonal secretion on the development of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis through the use of non-invasive MASLD indices (Hepatic Steatosis Index, HSI; AST to Platelets Ratio index, APRI; Fibrosis-4 index, FIB4) and the liver to spleen ratio (L/S) assessed on non-contrast CT, and to evaluate the use of these two factor as prognostic elements in patients with ACC. Materials and methods: a retrospective single-centre cohort study was conducted on a population of 52 patients diagnosed with ACC attending the Endocrinology outpatient clinics of the University of Padua between 2005 and 2025. Data collection included baseline and each follow-up visit (3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months from diagnosis, and last available follow-up). At each visit, non-invasive MASLD indices (HSI, APRI, FIB-4) were evaluated and, when available, the L/S ratio was assessed on non-contrast CT. Results: the patient population was divided into 4 pairs of groups based on the therapy used (mitotane/EDP-M), hormonal secretion (secreting/non-secreting), outcome (alive/deceased at last follow-up), and disease progression (stable/progressed or deceased). The analysis revealed an increase in fibrosis in patients treated with mitotane at the last available follow-up, suggesting a time-dependent effect of mitotane on the development of fibrosis. Furthermore, an unexpected pattern of greater hepatic steatosis and dyslipidaemia was observed in non-secreting patients, both using the HSI index and CT. The presence of fibrosis was also associated with a worse outcome. In patients with disease progression, greater hepatic steatosis was found. Finally, survival curve analysis showed that hepatic fibrosis assessed via APRI at 18 months and hepatic steatosis assessed via CT at diagnosis are associated with earlier disease progression. Conclusions: Mitotane likely has a time-dependent effect on the onset of hepatic fibrosis, suggesting the need for ultrasound follow-up in long-term treated patients. An unexpected pattern of greater hepatic steatosis emerged in non-secreting patients, which could be related to the mechanism of action of mitotane or to an earlier introduction of lipid-lowering therapy in secreting patients. Finally, the presence of fibrosis assessed with APRI and the presence of steatosis assessed with CT could represent useful prognostic factors in patients with ACC.
Background: Il carcinoma della corticale del surrene (ACC) è una neoplasia rara (1-2 casi per milione/anno), aggressiva e a prognosi infausta. L’incidenza segue un andamento bimodale con un primo picco durante l’infanzia e un secondo picco tra i 40 e i 50 anni. La prevalenza è maggiore nel sesso femminile. Il sospetto di ACC può derivare dalla presenza di sintomatologia legata all’ipersecrezione ormonale, all’effetto massa o dal riscontro incidentale di una massa surrenalica all’imaging. Sebbene siano noti i principali fattori prognostici, la classificazione prognostica in tali soggetti non è ancora ben definita. Il mitotane, farmaco ampiamente utilizzato nei pazienti con ACC sia in monoterapia che in associazione alla chemioterapia sistemica con EDP (etoposide, doxorubicina, cisplatino), presenta sia un’azione citotossica sia di blocco della steroidogenesi a livello della corteccia surrenalica. Sebbene sia un farmaco efficace, può determinare importanti effetti collaterali. Tra di essi, è noto che il mitotane ha un grande impatto sia sul metabolismo epatico sia sul metabolismo lipidico. Scopo dello studio: Valutare l’impatto della terapia e della secrezione ormonale sull’insorgenza di fibrosi e steatosi epatiche mediante l’utilizzo di indici non invasivi di MASLD (Hepatic Steatosis Index, HSI; AST to Platelet Ratio Index, APRI; Fibrosis-4 Index, FIB-4) e del liver to spleen ratio (L/S) valutato su TC senza mezzo di contrasto. Inoltre, verrà applicato l’utilizzo di questi due fattori come elementi prognostici nei pazienti con ACC. Materiali e metodi: È stato condotto uno studio monocentrico retrospettivo di coorte su una popolazione di 52 pazienti con diagnosi di ACC afferenti agli ambulatori di Endocrinologia dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova tra il 2005 e il 2025. La raccolta dati ha riguardato il baseline e ogni visita di follow-up (3 mesi, 6 mesi, 9 mesi, 12 mesi, 18 mesi, 24 mesi dalla diagnosi e ultimo controllo disponibile). Per ogni visita sono stati valutati gli indici non invasivi di MASLD e, quando disponibile, è stato valutato il rapporto L/S sulle TC senza mezzo di contrasto. Risultati: La popolazione di pazienti è stata divisa in 4 sottogruppi sulla base della terapia utilizzata (mitotane/EDP-M), della secrezione ormonale (secernenti/non secernenti), dell’outcome (vivi/deceduti all’ultimo follow-up) e della progressione di malattia (stabili/progrediti o deceduti). Dall’analisi è emerso un aumento della fibrosi nei soggetti in terapia con mitotane all’ultimo controllo disponibile, suggerendo un’azione tempo-dipendente del mitotane sull’insorgenza di fibrosi. Inoltre, è emerso un quadro inatteso di maggiore steatosi epatica e dislipidemia nei soggetti non secernenti, sia mediante l’utilizzo dell’indice HSI che mediante la TC. La presenza di fibrosi, inoltre, è risultata essere associata a un outcome peggiore. Nei soggetti con progressione di malattia durante il follow up, invece, è stata riscontrata una maggiore steatosi epatica. Infine, valutando le curve di sopravvivenza, è emerso che la fibrosi epatica valutata tramite APRI a 18 mesi e la steatosi epatica valutata radiologicamente alla diagnosi sono associate a una più rapida progressione di malattia. Conclusioni: Il mitotane ha verosimilmente un effetto tempo-dipendente sull’insorgenza di fibrosi epatica, suggerendo la necessità di un follow-up ecografico nei pazienti trattati a lungo termine. È emerso un quadro inatteso di maggiore steatosi epatica nei soggetti con ACC non secernente, che potrebbe essere legato al meccanismo d’azione del mitotane o a una più precoce introduzione della terapia ipolipemizzante nei soggetti secernenti. Infine, la presenza di fibrosi valutata con l’APRI e la presenza di steatosi valutata radiologicamente con la TC potrebbero rappresentare fattori prognostici utili nei pazienti con ACC.
Nuovi aspetti clinici che impattano sulla sopravvivenza dei pazienti con carcinoma del surrene
ALTEA, ALICE
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare (1-2 cases per million/year), aggressive and with poor prognosis neoplasm. Its incidence follows a bimodal distribution with a first peak during childhood and a second between 40 and 50 years of age. The prevalence is higher in females. Suspicion of ACC may arise from symptoms related to hormonal hypersecretion, mass effect-related symptoms, or incidental discovery of an adrenal mass on imaging. Although the main prognostic factors are known, prognostic classification in these patients is still not well defined. Mitotane, a drug widely used in patients with ACC either as a monotherapy or in combination with systemic chemotherapy with EDP, has both cytotoxic activity and a blocking effect on steroidogenesis in the adrenal cortex. Although it is an effective drug, it can lead to significant side effects. Among them, mitotane is known to have a major impact on both hepatic and lipid metabolism. Aim of the study: to evaluate the impact of therapy and hormonal secretion on the development of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis through the use of non-invasive MASLD indices (Hepatic Steatosis Index, HSI; AST to Platelets Ratio index, APRI; Fibrosis-4 index, FIB4) and the liver to spleen ratio (L/S) assessed on non-contrast CT, and to evaluate the use of these two factor as prognostic elements in patients with ACC. Materials and methods: a retrospective single-centre cohort study was conducted on a population of 52 patients diagnosed with ACC attending the Endocrinology outpatient clinics of the University of Padua between 2005 and 2025. Data collection included baseline and each follow-up visit (3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months from diagnosis, and last available follow-up). At each visit, non-invasive MASLD indices (HSI, APRI, FIB-4) were evaluated and, when available, the L/S ratio was assessed on non-contrast CT. Results: the patient population was divided into 4 pairs of groups based on the therapy used (mitotane/EDP-M), hormonal secretion (secreting/non-secreting), outcome (alive/deceased at last follow-up), and disease progression (stable/progressed or deceased). The analysis revealed an increase in fibrosis in patients treated with mitotane at the last available follow-up, suggesting a time-dependent effect of mitotane on the development of fibrosis. Furthermore, an unexpected pattern of greater hepatic steatosis and dyslipidaemia was observed in non-secreting patients, both using the HSI index and CT. The presence of fibrosis was also associated with a worse outcome. In patients with disease progression, greater hepatic steatosis was found. Finally, survival curve analysis showed that hepatic fibrosis assessed via APRI at 18 months and hepatic steatosis assessed via CT at diagnosis are associated with earlier disease progression. Conclusions: Mitotane likely has a time-dependent effect on the onset of hepatic fibrosis, suggesting the need for ultrasound follow-up in long-term treated patients. An unexpected pattern of greater hepatic steatosis emerged in non-secreting patients, which could be related to the mechanism of action of mitotane or to an earlier introduction of lipid-lowering therapy in secreting patients. Finally, the presence of fibrosis assessed with APRI and the presence of steatosis assessed with CT could represent useful prognostic factors in patients with ACC.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87176