Background: The gold standard therapeutic regimen for diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D) does not allow all patients to achieve optimal glycemic control. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), a class of oral glucose-lowering agents initially developed to treat type 2 diabetes, represent an emerging treatment strategy in T1D management as an adjunctive therapy to insulin. Clinical trials have shown that this approach can improve glycemic control and reduce body weight without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia, thereby addressing certain unmet therapeutic needs in T1D. Study Aims: To evaluate the long-term effects of adding an SGLT2i to insulin therapy in individuals affected with T1D in a real-world setting. The primary endpoint of this study was to assess the variation of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) over time. Secondary endpoints included the evaluation of effects on body weight and renal parameters, as well as the safety and tolerability profile of these agents through the monitoring of adverse events and treatment persistence. Methods: A single-center retrospective study was conducted on a cohort of 78 adults with T1D, who were prescribed an SGLT2i in addition to their ongoing insulin regimen. The observation period lasted up to 24 months. Data were extracted from electronic health records and included demographic and anthropometric parameters, laboratory values, and the presence of diabetic complications. Treatment persistence and the occurrence of adverse events were also recorded. Results: The mean age of the cohort was 47.2 years, with a mean diabetes duration of 24.6 years. Baseline mean values for HbA1c and BMI were 8.3% and 29 kg/m2, respectively. The median treatment persistence was 14.8 months. A significant HbA1c reduction of up to 0.61% at 6 months (p<0.001) was observed in patients adherent to therapy (p=0.01). Time in range (TIR) improved by 13.7% at 3 months (p<0.001), while time below range (TBR) remained unchanged. Among persistent patients was highlighted a weight loss of 2.5 kg at 9 months (p<0.001). Daily insulin doses declined significantly (max 15% at 21 months). No significant changes were found in blood pressure, lipids, or eGFR. UACR declined significantly at 15 months (p=0.025). Treatment discontinuation due to adverse events, mainly genitourinary tract infections, occurred in 25.6% of patients. Only a single episode of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) was recorded. The literature search conducted on PubMed identified 15 retrospective studies (n=5369), carried out in various countries, reporting therapeutic and/or adverse effects observed following the addition of an SGLT2i to insulin therapy in individuals with T1D. The systemic review of this literature highlighted a consistency between the observed effects and the benefits reported in the reviewed studies. Conclusions: SGLT2i addition to insulin therapy in T1D patients proved effective in improving glycemic control and weight loss, with potential renal benefits suggested by decreased UACR. Treatment adherence was a key determinant of clinical effectiveness. The rate of treatment discontinuation due to side effects underscores the importance of careful patient selection and targeted therapeutic education to support the prevention, monitoring, and management of possible adverse events.
Presupposti dello studio: Il regime terapeutico gold standard del diabete mellito di tipo 1 (DMT1) non consente in tutti i pazienti di raggiungere un controllo glicemico ottimale. Gli inibitori del cotrasportatore sodio-glucosio di tipo 2 (SGLT2i), una classe di agenti ipoglicemizzanti orali inizialmente sviluppata per il trattamento del diabete di tipo 2, rappresentano una strategia terapeutica emergente anche nella gestione del DMT1, come trattamento aggiuntivo all’insulina. Studi clinici hanno dimostrato che tale approccio migliora il controllo glicemico e riduce il peso corporeo, senza aumentare il rischio di ipoglicemia, contribuendo così a colmare alcune necessità terapeutiche tuttora insoddisfatte nel DMT1. Scopo dello studio: Valutare gli effetti a lungo termine dell’aggiunta di un SGLT2i alla terapia insulinica nei soggetti affetti da DMT1 in un contesto real-world. Obiettivo primario dello studio è stato analizzare la variazione dell’emoglobina glicata (HbA1c) nel tempo. Tra gli obiettivi secondari figuravano la valutazione degli effetti sul peso corporeo e sui parametri renali, nonché del profilo di sicurezza e tollerabilità di questi farmaci, attraverso il monitoraggio degli eventi avversi e della persistenza al trattamento. Materiali e metodi: È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo monocentrico su una coorte di 78 adulti con DMT1, a cui è stato aggiunto un SGLT2i al regime insulinico in atto. Il periodo di osservazione ha avuto una durata massima di 24 mesi. I dati sono stati estratti dalle cartelle cliniche elettroniche e hanno incluso parametri demografici e antropometrici, valori laboratoriali e la presenza di complicanze diabetiche. Sono state inoltre registrate la persistenza al trattamento e l’eventuale insorgenza di reazioni avverse. Risultati: L'età media del campione era di 47.2 anni, con una durata media del diabete di 24.6 anni. I valori medi basali di HbA1c e BMI erano rispettivamente 8.3% e 29 kg/m2. La persistenza mediana al trattamento con SGLT2i è risultata pari a 14.8 mesi. È stata osservata una riduzione significativa dell’HbA1c, fino a 0.61% a 6 mesi (p<0.001), nei pazienti aderenti alla terapia (p=0.01). Il time in range (TIR) è aumentato del 13.7% a 3 mesi (p<0.001), mentre il time below range (TBR) è rimasto invariato. Nei pazienti persistenti al trattamento è stata evidenziata una riduzione del peso corporeo pari a 2.5 kg a 9 mesi (p<0.001). La dose giornaliera di insulina si è ridotta significativamente (massimo calo del 15% a 21 mesi). Non sono emerse variazioni significative dei valori di pressione arteriosa, lipidi plasmatici e eGFR. È risultato un decremento significativo del UACR a 15 mesi (p=0.025). L’interruzione del trattamento a causa della comparsa di eventi avversi, principalmente infezioni del tratto genitourinario, è avvenuta nel 25.6% dei pazienti. È stato registrato un singolo episodio di chetoacidosi diabetica (DKA). La ricerca bibliografica condotta su PubMed ha identificato 15 studi retrospettivi (n=5369), svolti in diversi Paesi, riportanti gli effetti terapeutici e/o avversi osservati in seguito all’aggiunta di un SGLT2i alla terapia insulinica in soggetti affetti da DMT1. La revisione sistematica di tale letteratura ha evidenziato una concordanza tra gli effetti osservati e i benefici descritti negli studi revisionati. Conclusioni: L’aggiunta di un SGLT2i alla terapia insulinica nei pazienti con DMT1 si è dimostrata efficace nel migliorare il controllo glicemico e ridurre il peso corporeo, con un potenziale beneficio renale suggerito dalla riduzione del UACR. L’aderenza al trattamento si è rivelata un fattore determinante per l’efficacia clinica. Il tasso di interruzione, secondaria ad effetti collaterali, sottolinea la necessità di una selezione accurata dei candidati al trattamento e di un’educazione terapeutica mirata alla prevenzione, monitoraggio e gestione degli eventi avversi.
Inibitori di SGLT2 nel diabete di tipo 1: risultati di un'analisi retrospettiva sugli effetti a lungo termine nella pratica clinica e revisione sistematica della letteratura
COVA, GRETA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: The gold standard therapeutic regimen for diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D) does not allow all patients to achieve optimal glycemic control. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), a class of oral glucose-lowering agents initially developed to treat type 2 diabetes, represent an emerging treatment strategy in T1D management as an adjunctive therapy to insulin. Clinical trials have shown that this approach can improve glycemic control and reduce body weight without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia, thereby addressing certain unmet therapeutic needs in T1D. Study Aims: To evaluate the long-term effects of adding an SGLT2i to insulin therapy in individuals affected with T1D in a real-world setting. The primary endpoint of this study was to assess the variation of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) over time. Secondary endpoints included the evaluation of effects on body weight and renal parameters, as well as the safety and tolerability profile of these agents through the monitoring of adverse events and treatment persistence. Methods: A single-center retrospective study was conducted on a cohort of 78 adults with T1D, who were prescribed an SGLT2i in addition to their ongoing insulin regimen. The observation period lasted up to 24 months. Data were extracted from electronic health records and included demographic and anthropometric parameters, laboratory values, and the presence of diabetic complications. Treatment persistence and the occurrence of adverse events were also recorded. Results: The mean age of the cohort was 47.2 years, with a mean diabetes duration of 24.6 years. Baseline mean values for HbA1c and BMI were 8.3% and 29 kg/m2, respectively. The median treatment persistence was 14.8 months. A significant HbA1c reduction of up to 0.61% at 6 months (p<0.001) was observed in patients adherent to therapy (p=0.01). Time in range (TIR) improved by 13.7% at 3 months (p<0.001), while time below range (TBR) remained unchanged. Among persistent patients was highlighted a weight loss of 2.5 kg at 9 months (p<0.001). Daily insulin doses declined significantly (max 15% at 21 months). No significant changes were found in blood pressure, lipids, or eGFR. UACR declined significantly at 15 months (p=0.025). Treatment discontinuation due to adverse events, mainly genitourinary tract infections, occurred in 25.6% of patients. Only a single episode of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) was recorded. The literature search conducted on PubMed identified 15 retrospective studies (n=5369), carried out in various countries, reporting therapeutic and/or adverse effects observed following the addition of an SGLT2i to insulin therapy in individuals with T1D. The systemic review of this literature highlighted a consistency between the observed effects and the benefits reported in the reviewed studies. Conclusions: SGLT2i addition to insulin therapy in T1D patients proved effective in improving glycemic control and weight loss, with potential renal benefits suggested by decreased UACR. Treatment adherence was a key determinant of clinical effectiveness. The rate of treatment discontinuation due to side effects underscores the importance of careful patient selection and targeted therapeutic education to support the prevention, monitoring, and management of possible adverse events.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87180