Background. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetic myocardial disorder characterized by fibro-fatty replacement of ventricular tissue, leading to a predisposition for potentially fatal arrhythmic events. Desmosomal gene mutations — particularly in PKP2 (plakophilin-2), DSP (desmoplakin), and DSG2 (desmoglein-2) — are found in 50–60% of affected individuals; however, genotype–phenotype correlations remain incompletely defined. Aims. This study aims to assess the impact of the most common desmosomal mutations on the phenotypic expression of ACM, with the goal of advancing the understanding of disease pathogenesis and contributing to the development of personalized risk stratification. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with ACM carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations in PKP2, DSP, or DSG2. Clinical, electrocardiographic, imaging, and follow-up data were collected and analyzed. Results. Male sex was more prevalent among carriers of DSG2 and PKP2 variants (p = 0.004), as was proband status (p = 0.009). Patients with PKP2 mutations showed significantly earlier disease onset (p = 0.002). Syncope was a more frequent initial symptom in the DSG2 group (p < 0.001), while chest pain was more common in DSP carriers (p = 0.007). Phenotypically, the DSG2 cohort displayed more severe right ventricular (RV) dilation (p < 0.001), with both DSG2 and PKP2 groups showing greater RV dysfunction (p = 0.02). In contrast, LV dilation and dysfunction were significantly more prevalent in DSP mutation carriers (p < 0.001 for both), who also exhibited a higher incidence of myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (p < 0.001). The prevalence of major ventricular arrhythmias (MVA) was significantly higher in the PKP2 group (p = 0.04), whereas "hot phase" episodes were more commonly reported in the DSG2 and DSP groups (p = 0.013). Genotype-specific analysis of MVA-associated factors revealed that in the DSG2 group, RV dysfunction was significantly associated with arrhythmic events (p = 0.04); in the DSP group, both RV and LV dysfunction were implicated (p = 0.03); in the PKP2 group, relevant factors included male sex (p = 0.03), >500 premature ventricular contractions in 24 hours (p = 0.04), RV dysfunction (p < 0.001), and younger age at presentation (p = 0.03). Conclusions. The study identified significant phenotypic differences among the main genetic subgroups. PKP2 and DSG2 carriers exhibited a classic right-dominant phenotype with high arrhythmic risk and preserved LV function, whereas DSP mutation carriers showed greater LV involvement and a more fibrotic profile. Despite genotype-specific patterns, RV dysfunction emerged as a consistent prognostic marker across all ACM forms. These findings underscore the prognostic value of desmosomal mutations in ACM and support the development of genotype-guided clinical management strategies aimed at preventing major cardiovascular events.
Presupposti dello studio. La cardiomiopatia aritmogena (ACM) è una malattia genetica del miocardio caratterizzata da sostituzione fibro-adiposa del tessuto ventricolare con conseguente predisposizione a eventi aritmici potenzialmente fatali. Le mutazioni nei geni dei desmosomi — in particolare Placofilina-2 (PKP2), Desmoplakina (DSP) e Desmogleina-2 (DSG2) — sono riscontrabili nel 50-60% dei pazienti, ma la correlazione tra genotipo e fenotipo clinico rimane ampiamente da definire . Scopo dello studio. Questo studio si propone di analizzare l’impatto delle principali mutazioni desmosomiali sull’espressione fenotipica dell’ACM, al fine di approfondire le basi patogenetiche della malattia e contribuire allo sviluppo di una stratificazione del rischio personalizzata. Materiali e metodi. È stata condotta un’analisi retrospettiva su pazienti con ACM e mutazioni patogenetiche o probabilmente patogenetiche dei geni PKP2, DSP e DSG2. Le variabili prese in esame includevano caratteristiche cliniche, elettrocardiografiche, di imaging e dati di follow-up. Risultati. Il sesso maschile risultava essere più prevalente nei pazienti con varianti nei geni DSG2 e PKP2 (p=0,004), così come lo status di probando (p=0,009). I pazienti con varianti nel gene PKP2 presentavano l’esordio della malattia in età significativamente più giovane (p=0,002). La sincope si configurava più frequentemente come sintomo iniziale nei soggetti appartenenti al gruppo DSG2 (p<0,001), mentre il dolore toracico si riscontrava con maggiore frequenza nei pazienti con variante su DSP (p=0,007). Dal punto di vista fenotipico, la coorte DSG2 mostrava una dilatazione del VD significativamente più severa (p<0,001), mentre sia i gruppi DSG2 che PKP2 evidenziavano una disfunzione del VD più marcata (p=0,02). Al contrario, la dilatazione e la disfunzione del VS erano più frequentemente osservate nei pazienti con mutazione DSP, con significatività elevata per entrambi i parametri (p<0,001). In questo stesso gruppo era inoltre presente una maggiore incidenza di fibrosi documentata tramite Risonanza Magnetica Cardiaca (p<0,001). L’incidenza di aritmie ventricolari maggiori (MVA) risultava significativamente più elevata nel gruppo PKP2 (p=0,04), mentre gli episodi di “hot phases” erano riportati più comunemente nei gruppi DSG2 e DSP (p=0,013). Infine, l’analisi dei fattori associati a MVA nei diversi gruppi genetici ha evidenziato come, nel gruppo DSG2, la disfunzione del VD fosse significativamente correlata alla presenza di eventi aritmici (p=0,04); nel gruppo DSP, tale correlazione coinvolgeva sia la disfunzione del VD (p=0,03) che quella del VS (p=0,03); nel gruppo PKP2, invece, le variabili associate a rischio aritmico maggiore includevano il sesso maschile (p=0,03), la presenza di più di 500 battiti ventricolari prematuri nelle 24 ore (p=0,04), la disfunzione del VD (p<0,001) e una più giovane età alla presentazione clinica (p=0,03). Conclusioni. L’analisi ha evidenziato differenze fenotipiche significative tra i principali sottogruppi genetici. Le coorti PKP2 e DSG2 presentavano un classico fenotipo destro, con elevato rischio aritmico e funzione VS generalmente conservata. I pazienti con variante su DSP mostravano al contrario disfunzione VS e un fenotipo più fibrotico. Nonostante le differenze genotipo-fenotipo, la disfunzione del VD rimane un chiaro marker prognostico in tutte le forme di ACM. I risultati confermano il valore prognostico delle mutazioni desmosomiali nella cardiomiopatia aritmogena, ponendo le basi per modelli di gestione clinica orientati al profilo genetico individuale e alla prevenzione degli eventi cardiovascolari maggiori.
Impatto delle mutazioni desmosomiali sull'espressione fenotipica nella Cardiomiopatia Aritmogena: verso una stratificazione personalizzata del rischio aritmico
BORROMEO, FRANCESCO
2024/2025
Abstract
Background. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetic myocardial disorder characterized by fibro-fatty replacement of ventricular tissue, leading to a predisposition for potentially fatal arrhythmic events. Desmosomal gene mutations — particularly in PKP2 (plakophilin-2), DSP (desmoplakin), and DSG2 (desmoglein-2) — are found in 50–60% of affected individuals; however, genotype–phenotype correlations remain incompletely defined. Aims. This study aims to assess the impact of the most common desmosomal mutations on the phenotypic expression of ACM, with the goal of advancing the understanding of disease pathogenesis and contributing to the development of personalized risk stratification. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with ACM carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations in PKP2, DSP, or DSG2. Clinical, electrocardiographic, imaging, and follow-up data were collected and analyzed. Results. Male sex was more prevalent among carriers of DSG2 and PKP2 variants (p = 0.004), as was proband status (p = 0.009). Patients with PKP2 mutations showed significantly earlier disease onset (p = 0.002). Syncope was a more frequent initial symptom in the DSG2 group (p < 0.001), while chest pain was more common in DSP carriers (p = 0.007). Phenotypically, the DSG2 cohort displayed more severe right ventricular (RV) dilation (p < 0.001), with both DSG2 and PKP2 groups showing greater RV dysfunction (p = 0.02). In contrast, LV dilation and dysfunction were significantly more prevalent in DSP mutation carriers (p < 0.001 for both), who also exhibited a higher incidence of myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (p < 0.001). The prevalence of major ventricular arrhythmias (MVA) was significantly higher in the PKP2 group (p = 0.04), whereas "hot phase" episodes were more commonly reported in the DSG2 and DSP groups (p = 0.013). Genotype-specific analysis of MVA-associated factors revealed that in the DSG2 group, RV dysfunction was significantly associated with arrhythmic events (p = 0.04); in the DSP group, both RV and LV dysfunction were implicated (p = 0.03); in the PKP2 group, relevant factors included male sex (p = 0.03), >500 premature ventricular contractions in 24 hours (p = 0.04), RV dysfunction (p < 0.001), and younger age at presentation (p = 0.03). Conclusions. The study identified significant phenotypic differences among the main genetic subgroups. PKP2 and DSG2 carriers exhibited a classic right-dominant phenotype with high arrhythmic risk and preserved LV function, whereas DSP mutation carriers showed greater LV involvement and a more fibrotic profile. Despite genotype-specific patterns, RV dysfunction emerged as a consistent prognostic marker across all ACM forms. These findings underscore the prognostic value of desmosomal mutations in ACM and support the development of genotype-guided clinical management strategies aimed at preventing major cardiovascular events.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87287