Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that commonly colonizes the human nasopharynx asymptomatically and is frequently responsible for pneumonia. In certain cases, it can invade sterile body sites, leading to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), a life-threatening condition with a potentially rapid progression to death. Due to its significant public health impact, several vaccines have been developed and are widely used in preventive medicine. Since 2007, Streptococcus pneumoniae has been under special surveillance in Italy at both national and regional levels, alongside Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae, which are also capable of causing invasive bacterial infections (IBIs). This surveillance system has produced a substantial flow of data, providing critical insights into the epidemiological trends of these infections across the Italian territory. This thesis project aims to investigate healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occurring in the context of invasive infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae—a major challenge in modern medicine—by assessing their impact within hospitals in the Veneto Region from the establishment of the integrated IBI surveillance system in 2007 through 2023. The study involved the analysis of notification forms to verify the accuracy of data transcription from paper records to the digital database and to reconstruct incomplete clinical timelines when necessary. Subsequently, information was extracted from the database to characterize the occurrence of HAIs among cases of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection reported through the surveillance system. The analysis revealed that out of 1,440 complete notification forms for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 67 (4.7%) met the literature-based criteria for HAI—defined as an infection manifesting clinically more than 48 hours after hospital admission. Over the years, the overall reporting flow HAS remained stable, with a marked decline and subsequent recovery during the 2020–2021 period, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportion of HAI-related cases HAS SHOWN a decreasing trend, dropping from 7% to 3% annually. Regarding age distribution, while non-HAI cases followed patterns consistent with existing literature, HAI cases were more prevalent among children under one year of age (14.3%) and adults aged 50–60 years (8.1%). THE Clinical presentations of IPD most frequently associated with HAIs were septic arthritis (23.1%), peritonitis related to ascites (25.8%), and sepsis (9.6%). In contrast, common manifestations such as bacteremia secondary to pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis were associated with HAIs in only 2.5% and 1.5% of cases, respectively. Comparison of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed a decline in erythromycin resistance (from 20% to 15%), while resistance to other commonly used antibiotics—such as penicillin G, levofloxacin, and clindamycin—remained stable. Lastly, although hospital-acquired strains appeared to exhibit higher rates of antibiotic resistance, this finding was not statistically significant due to the limited sample size.
Streptococcus pneumoniae è un batterio che colonizza comunemente il nasofaringe. Presenta quindi un importante impatto sulla popolazione e per contrastarlo, sono stati formulati diversi tipi di vaccino, già ampiamente utilizzati in ambito preventivo. In Italia dal 2007, Streptococcus pneumonie è oggetto di sorveglianza speciale a livello Nazionale e Regionale: il sistema ha visto un importante flusso dati ed ha permesso di raccogliere informazioni fondamentali per comprendere il quadro epidemiologico del fenomeno sul territorio italiano. Il presente progetto di tesi ha come obiettivo quello di analizzare nel contesto dei casi di infezione invasiva causata da Streptococcus pneumoniae, il fenomeno delle infezioni correlate all’assistenza (ICA), una tra le piu grandi sfide della medicina moderna, per valutarne l’impatto a livello delle realtà ospedaliere della Regione Veneto nel periodo che va dalla istituzione del sistema di sorveglianza integrato delle MaBI (2007) fino al 2023. A seguito della analisi è emerso che delle 1440 schede di segnalazione complete per Streptococcus pneumoniae, 67 sono risultate compatibili con la definizione di ICA, individuata in letteratura come infezione che si manifesta nella clinica dopo 48 ore dal ricovero e rappresentando il 4.7% del totale dei casi. Negli anni, il flusso di segnalazione si è mantenuto costante, con un crollo ed una successiva ripresa del numero di schede segnalate negli anni 2020-2021, concomitanti con la pandemia da SARS-COV-19. Analizzando il flusso di notifica dei casi correlati ad ICA, questo ha presentato un trend in diminuzione, passando da un 7% annuo ad un 3% annuo. Per quanto riguarda la distribuzione dei casi per età, mentre le notifiche non correlate ad ICA presentano una distribuzione paragonabile a quella descritta in letteratura, estrapolando i casi relativi ad infezioni correlate all’assistenza, emerge che per classe di età le piu correlate a questo rischio sono i bambini al di sotto di un anno, la cui frequenza si attesta al 14,3% e gli adulti tra i 50 ed i 60 anni di età, la cui frequenza si attesta al 8,1%. Analizzando i quadri clinici di presentazione della malattia invasiva, è risultato che artrite settica è la manifestazione che piu frequentemente si correla a ICA, arrivando al 23,1% dei casi, seguito da peritonite correlata ad ascite (25,8% dei casi) e da sepsi (9,6% dei casi). Le manifestazioni piu comuni come batteriemie correlata a polmonite pneumococcica e meningite, sono risultate associate ad una infezione correlata all’assistenza solamente nel 2,5% e nel 1,5% dei casi rispettivamente. Andando a confrontare i dati raccolti per Streptococcus pneumoniae con i dati raccolti dai test di sensibilità, emerge che la resistenza dei ceppi batterici ad Eritromicina risulta in diminuzione, passando da un 20% dei casi ad un 15%, mentre si mantiene costante quella ai restanti frequenti antibiotici utilizzati come Penicillina G, Levofloxacina e Clindamicina. Analizzando infine i dati relativi ai test di sensibilità e confrontandoli con i casi di infezione correlata all’assistenza, emerge che i b
Il ruolo delle ICA nelle batteriemie sostenute da S. pneumoniae
DE ROSSI, SILVIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that commonly colonizes the human nasopharynx asymptomatically and is frequently responsible for pneumonia. In certain cases, it can invade sterile body sites, leading to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), a life-threatening condition with a potentially rapid progression to death. Due to its significant public health impact, several vaccines have been developed and are widely used in preventive medicine. Since 2007, Streptococcus pneumoniae has been under special surveillance in Italy at both national and regional levels, alongside Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae, which are also capable of causing invasive bacterial infections (IBIs). This surveillance system has produced a substantial flow of data, providing critical insights into the epidemiological trends of these infections across the Italian territory. This thesis project aims to investigate healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occurring in the context of invasive infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae—a major challenge in modern medicine—by assessing their impact within hospitals in the Veneto Region from the establishment of the integrated IBI surveillance system in 2007 through 2023. The study involved the analysis of notification forms to verify the accuracy of data transcription from paper records to the digital database and to reconstruct incomplete clinical timelines when necessary. Subsequently, information was extracted from the database to characterize the occurrence of HAIs among cases of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection reported through the surveillance system. The analysis revealed that out of 1,440 complete notification forms for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 67 (4.7%) met the literature-based criteria for HAI—defined as an infection manifesting clinically more than 48 hours after hospital admission. Over the years, the overall reporting flow HAS remained stable, with a marked decline and subsequent recovery during the 2020–2021 period, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportion of HAI-related cases HAS SHOWN a decreasing trend, dropping from 7% to 3% annually. Regarding age distribution, while non-HAI cases followed patterns consistent with existing literature, HAI cases were more prevalent among children under one year of age (14.3%) and adults aged 50–60 years (8.1%). THE Clinical presentations of IPD most frequently associated with HAIs were septic arthritis (23.1%), peritonitis related to ascites (25.8%), and sepsis (9.6%). In contrast, common manifestations such as bacteremia secondary to pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis were associated with HAIs in only 2.5% and 1.5% of cases, respectively. Comparison of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed a decline in erythromycin resistance (from 20% to 15%), while resistance to other commonly used antibiotics—such as penicillin G, levofloxacin, and clindamycin—remained stable. Lastly, although hospital-acquired strains appeared to exhibit higher rates of antibiotic resistance, this finding was not statistically significant due to the limited sample size.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87290