BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is a clinical condition characterized by the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, prevalent in the elderly and in cases of frailty and disability. Numerous factors, including chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular aging, contribute to its pathogenesis. Among emerging biomarkers, Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF15), a cytokine from the TGF-beta family, has garnered increasing interest for its potential role in muscle decline and the regulation of energy metabolism. STUDY OBJECTIVE: This study is a systematic literature review with meta-analysis, aiming to evaluate the association between circulating GDF15 levels and sarcopenia by analyzing clinical studies published up to February 2025. Additionally, it discusses the validity of GDF15 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research was conducted following the Prisma and Moose guidelines, with a protocol registered on Prospero. The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Observational studies involving adult subjects reporting data on muscle mass or strength and GDF15 levels were included. The qualitative assessment of the studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Two meta-analyses were carried out: (1) comparison of GDF15 levels between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic subjects, and (2) analysis of the correlation between GDF15 and muscle mass. RESULTS: A total of 250 studies were identified, of which 8 met the inclusion criteria, involving 2452 predominantly elderly participants. All studies were observational and conducted in Asia and Europe. Diagnostic methods for sarcopenia included grip strength, gait speed, muscle mass index, and SPPB. The first meta-analysis, including 4 studies, revealed significantly higher GDF15 levels in sarcopenic subjects (r = 0.482). The second meta-analysis, comprising 4 studies (n = 1400), found a significant inverse correlation between GDF15 and muscle mass (r = -0.221). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that elevated GDF15 levels are associated with reduced muscle mass and may represent a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of sarcopenia. The clinical use of GDF15, through simple blood tests, could improve the identification of at-risk individuals, particularly in frail populations or those with chronic diseases. However, the lack of randomized controlled trials limits the ability to draw definitive conclusions. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify the causal role of GDF15 and evaluate its efficacy as a diagnostic tool or therapeutic target in sarcopenia.
PRESUPPOSTI DELLO STUDIO: La sarcopenia è una condizione clinica caratterizzata da perdita progressiva di massa e forza muscolare, prevalente negli anziani e in condizioni di fragilità e disabilità. Numerosi fattori, tra cui l'infiammazione cronica, la disfunzione mitocondriale e l'invecchiamento cellulare, contribuiscono alla sua patogenesi. Tra i biomarcatori emergenti, il Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF15), una citochina della famiglia TGF-beta, ha suscitato crescente interesse per il suo possibile ruolo nel declino muscolare e nella regolazione del metabolismo energetico. OBIETTIVO DELLO STUDIO: Il presente studio è una revisione sistematica della letteratura con metanalisi, l'obiettivo è valutare l’associazione tra i livelli circolanti di GDF15 e la sarcopenia, analizzando studi clinici presenti in letteratura, pubblicati fino a febbraio 2025 e discutendo la validità di GDF15 come biomarcatore diagnostico e prognostico. MATERIALI E METODI: La ricerca è stata condotta secondo le linee guida Prisma e Moose, con protocollo registrato su Prospero. Sono stati consultati i database PubMed, Embase e Cochrane Library. Sono stati inclusi studi osservazionali su soggetti adulti che riportavano dati su massa muscolare o forza e livelli di GDF15. L’analisi qualitativa degli studi è stata condotta con la scala Newcastle–Ottawa (NOS). Sono state effettuate due metanalisi: (1) confronto dei livelli di GDF15 tra soggetti sarcopenici e non sarcopenici, e (2) analisi della correlazione tra GDF15 e massa muscolare. RISULTATI: Sono stati identificati 250 studi, di cui 8 hanno soddisfatto i criteri di inclusione, con un totale di 2452 partecipanti prevalentemente anziani. Tutti gli studi erano osservazionali, condotti in Asia ed Europa. I metodi diagnostici per la sarcopenia includono forza di presa, velocità del cammino, indice di massa muscolare e SPPB. La prima metanalisi, condotta su 4 studi, ha mostrato livelli significativamente più alti di GDF15 nei soggetti sarcopenici (r = 0.482). La seconda metanalisi, su 4 studi (n = 1400), ha rilevato una correlazione inversa significativa tra GDF15 e massa muscolare (r = -0.221). CONCLUSIONI: I risultati suggeriscono che livelli elevati di GDF15 sono associati a una ridotta massa muscolare e potrebbero rappresentare un potenziale biomarcatore per la diagnosi precoce di sarcopenia. L’impiego clinico di GDF15, attraverso semplici esami ematici, potrebbe migliorare l’identificazione dei soggetti a rischio, specialmente in popolazioni fragili o affette da patologie croniche. Tuttavia, l’assenza di trial randomizzati limita la possibilità di trarre conclusioni definitive. Sono necessari ulteriori studi prospettici per chiarire il ruolo causale di GDF15 e valutare l’efficacia come strumento diagnostico o target terapeutico nella sarcopenia.
Il ruolo di GDF15 sulla salute muscolare: una revisione sistematica e metanalisi
BOSCHELE, FRANCESCO
2024/2025
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is a clinical condition characterized by the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, prevalent in the elderly and in cases of frailty and disability. Numerous factors, including chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular aging, contribute to its pathogenesis. Among emerging biomarkers, Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF15), a cytokine from the TGF-beta family, has garnered increasing interest for its potential role in muscle decline and the regulation of energy metabolism. STUDY OBJECTIVE: This study is a systematic literature review with meta-analysis, aiming to evaluate the association between circulating GDF15 levels and sarcopenia by analyzing clinical studies published up to February 2025. Additionally, it discusses the validity of GDF15 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research was conducted following the Prisma and Moose guidelines, with a protocol registered on Prospero. The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Observational studies involving adult subjects reporting data on muscle mass or strength and GDF15 levels were included. The qualitative assessment of the studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Two meta-analyses were carried out: (1) comparison of GDF15 levels between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic subjects, and (2) analysis of the correlation between GDF15 and muscle mass. RESULTS: A total of 250 studies were identified, of which 8 met the inclusion criteria, involving 2452 predominantly elderly participants. All studies were observational and conducted in Asia and Europe. Diagnostic methods for sarcopenia included grip strength, gait speed, muscle mass index, and SPPB. The first meta-analysis, including 4 studies, revealed significantly higher GDF15 levels in sarcopenic subjects (r = 0.482). The second meta-analysis, comprising 4 studies (n = 1400), found a significant inverse correlation between GDF15 and muscle mass (r = -0.221). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that elevated GDF15 levels are associated with reduced muscle mass and may represent a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of sarcopenia. The clinical use of GDF15, through simple blood tests, could improve the identification of at-risk individuals, particularly in frail populations or those with chronic diseases. However, the lack of randomized controlled trials limits the ability to draw definitive conclusions. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify the causal role of GDF15 and evaluate its efficacy as a diagnostic tool or therapeutic target in sarcopenia.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87370