Background: CAR-T cells represent one of the most innovative therapeutic frontiers in the treatment of haematological malignancies, offering real hope to patients refractory to conventional therapies. Despite increasing clinical use, the management of acute side effects, in particular Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) and Immune Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS), remains an open challenge, as does the definition of precise prognostic and predictive factors for severe complications. Aim of the study: Possible predictor variables of ICU entry following admission to receive CAR-T cell infusion were investigated. In addition, it was examined whether there are any prognostic variables, measured at the time of the patient's admission to the ICU, of clinical outcome at 180 days after discharge. Materials and methods: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out. Data were collected from 194 patients admitted to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Of these, 29 were transferred to the intensive care unit during their admission. Clinical, anamnestic and laboratory information was collected during the patients' hospitalisation. The instruments used for the assessment of clinical severity included the SOFAscore and the APACHE II score. Statistical analysis involved the use of logistic regression to identify variables associated with both ICU admission and mortality at 180 days. Hospitalisation times and major adverse events related to CAR-T therapy, such as CRS, ICANS and sepsis, were also analysed. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the use of commercial CAR-Ts carries a significantly higher risk of admission to the ICU than academic CAR-Ts (p value 0.000207). In contrast, aliquoting the amount of CAR-T cells to be administered appears to be a protective factor for ICU admission. Length of hospital stay proved to be a negative prognostic factor: deceased patients had a median hospital stay of 41 days versus 24 days for survivors (p = 0.0351). The SOFA score proved to be the best tool for assessing clinical severity on admission to the ICU, and also proved to be a negative prognostic factor for values greater than 4. The APACHE II score, on the other hand, did not show the same statistical significance. The presence of sepsis on admission to the ICU was strongly associated with increased mortality, with septic patients having a tenfold higher risk of death than non-septic patients. The results underline that the management of complications, in particular CRS, ICANS and sepsis, represents a central challenge in CAR-T therapy. Conclusions: The results obtained confirm and extend the clinical outcome evidence for CAR-T therapy in terms of toxicity and survival, and provide new information on the patient population admitted to the ICU. As CAR-T cell therapy is a recent development, the development of personalised monitoring and management strategies, as well as a better definition of treatment protocols to optimise clinical outcomes in patients is crucial.
Background: Le cellule CAR-T rappresentano una delle più innovative frontiere terapeutiche nel trattamento delle neoplasie ematologiche maligne, offrendo una speranza concreta a pazienti refrattari alle terapie convenzionali. Nonostante il crescente utilizzo clinico, la gestione degli effetti collaterali acuti, in particolare la Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) e la Immune Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS), rimane una sfida aperta, così come la definizione di precisi fattori prognostici e predittivi di complicanze severe. Scopo dello studio: Sono state ricercate eventuali variabili predittive di ingresso in terapia intensiva in seguito al ricovero per ricevere l’infusione di cellule CAR-T. Inoltre, si è verificato se esistono variabili prognostiche, misurate al momento dell’ingresso del paziente in terapia intensiva, di outcome clinico a 180 giorni dalla dimissione. Materiali e metodi: È stato effettuato uno studio retrospettivo di tipo descrittivo. Sono stati raccolti i dati di 194 pazienti ricoverati nell’Hospital Clinic di Barcellona. Di questi, 29 sono stati trasferiti nel reparto di terapia intensiva durante il ricovero. Sono state raccolte informazioni cliniche, anamnestiche e laboratoristiche, durante l’ospedalizzazione dei pazienti. Gli strumenti utilizzati per la valutazione della gravità clinica includevano il SOFA score e l’APACHE II score. L’analisi statistica ha previsto l’impiego di regressione logistica per individuare le variabili associate sia all’ingresso in terapia intensiva sia alla mortalità a 180 giorni. Sono stati inoltre analizzati i tempi di ospedalizzazione e i principali eventi avversi correlati alla terapia CAR-T, quali CRS, ICANS e sepsi. Risultati: L’analisi statistica ha evidenziato che l’utilizzo di CAR-T commerciali comporta un rischio significativamente maggiore di ricovero in UCI rispetto alle CAR-T accademiche (p value 0,000207). Al contrario, aliquotare la quantità di cellule CAR-T da somministrare sembra essere un fattore protettivo per l’ingresso in terapia intensiva. La durata della degenza ospedaliera si è dimostrata essere un fattore prognostico negativo: i pazienti deceduti presentavano una degenza mediana di 41 giorni contro i 24 giorni dei sopravvissuti (p = 0,0351). Il SOFA score si è confermato il miglior strumento per valutare la gravità clinica all’ingresso in UCI, e ha mostrato di essere anch’esso un fattore prognostico negativo per valori maggiori di tre. L’APACHE II score, invece, non ha presentato la stessa rilevanza statistica. La presenza di una sepsi all’ingresso in terapia intensiva è risultata fortemente associata ad un aumento della mortalità, avendo i pazienti settici un rischio dieci volte superiore di morte rispetto ai pazienti non settici. I risultati confermano che la gestione delle complicanze, in particolare CRS, ICANS e sepsi, rappresenti una sfida centrale nella terapia CAR-T. Conclusioni: I risultati ottenuti confermano ed estendono le evidenze di outcome clinico della terapia CAR-T in termini di tossicità e sopravvivenza e forniscono nuove informazioni sulla popolazione di pazienti che viene ricoverata in terapia intensiva. Essendo la terapia con cellule CAR-T recente, è fondamentale lo sviluppo di strategie di monitoraggio e gestione personalizzate, nonché di una maggiore definizione dei protocolli terapeutici per ottimizzare gli esiti clinici nei pazienti.
PROGNOSI DEI PAZIENTI AFFETTI DA NEOPLASIE EMATOLOGICHE E SOTTOPOSTI A TERAPIA CON CELLULE CAR-T: UN'ANALISI DEGLI EFFETTI COLLATERALI E DEI FATTORI PREDITTIVI DI INGRESSO IN UNITA' DI TERAPIA INTENSIVA
MICALI, SALVATORE
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: CAR-T cells represent one of the most innovative therapeutic frontiers in the treatment of haematological malignancies, offering real hope to patients refractory to conventional therapies. Despite increasing clinical use, the management of acute side effects, in particular Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) and Immune Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS), remains an open challenge, as does the definition of precise prognostic and predictive factors for severe complications. Aim of the study: Possible predictor variables of ICU entry following admission to receive CAR-T cell infusion were investigated. In addition, it was examined whether there are any prognostic variables, measured at the time of the patient's admission to the ICU, of clinical outcome at 180 days after discharge. Materials and methods: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out. Data were collected from 194 patients admitted to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Of these, 29 were transferred to the intensive care unit during their admission. Clinical, anamnestic and laboratory information was collected during the patients' hospitalisation. The instruments used for the assessment of clinical severity included the SOFAscore and the APACHE II score. Statistical analysis involved the use of logistic regression to identify variables associated with both ICU admission and mortality at 180 days. Hospitalisation times and major adverse events related to CAR-T therapy, such as CRS, ICANS and sepsis, were also analysed. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the use of commercial CAR-Ts carries a significantly higher risk of admission to the ICU than academic CAR-Ts (p value 0.000207). In contrast, aliquoting the amount of CAR-T cells to be administered appears to be a protective factor for ICU admission. Length of hospital stay proved to be a negative prognostic factor: deceased patients had a median hospital stay of 41 days versus 24 days for survivors (p = 0.0351). The SOFA score proved to be the best tool for assessing clinical severity on admission to the ICU, and also proved to be a negative prognostic factor for values greater than 4. The APACHE II score, on the other hand, did not show the same statistical significance. The presence of sepsis on admission to the ICU was strongly associated with increased mortality, with septic patients having a tenfold higher risk of death than non-septic patients. The results underline that the management of complications, in particular CRS, ICANS and sepsis, represents a central challenge in CAR-T therapy. Conclusions: The results obtained confirm and extend the clinical outcome evidence for CAR-T therapy in terms of toxicity and survival, and provide new information on the patient population admitted to the ICU. As CAR-T cell therapy is a recent development, the development of personalised monitoring and management strategies, as well as a better definition of treatment protocols to optimise clinical outcomes in patients is crucial.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87562