Swiss pine, also known as stone pine, is a wood species renowned for its intense and pleasant resinous fragrance, which enhances its use in contexts where the natural aroma of the wood is a distinguishing feature. Its physical properties, such as softness and ease of processing, make it particularly suitable for the production of furniture, sauna cladding, and sculptural works. However, being a valuable species that is not always readily available, and in some regions even protected, this study aims to evaluate, through chemical-physical analysis, the possibility of replacing it with Norway spruce, which is much more accessible. To identify their properties, a mechanical characterization of the wood and of its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was carried out. The experiments to evaluate VOC emissions were of two types: i) direct, by evaluating substances emitted from untreated samples, as well as those enriched with essential oils and modified with tannin solutions; ii) indirect, by spectroscopically analyzing both Swiss pine and Norway spruce samples under varying conditions. Both experimental approaches were specifically developed for this study. Furthermore, the research focused on mechanical testing of Swiss pine and Norway spruce using a testing machine to highlight potential differences in the internal composition of the two species. In particular, the study examined how varying moisture levels affect the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the wood, such as compressive strength, hardness, porosity, and density, and how these characteristics influence VOC emissions. For example, Swiss pine is more porous and less dense than Norway spruce, which could impact the wood’s ability to retain or release volatile compounds. The main findings of the study showed that, with regard to VOC analysis, the untreated samples did not emit significant volatile compounds. However, when Swiss pine essential oil was added, both Swiss pine and Norway spruce showed a trend of increasing emission, reaching a peak, and then declining, resulting from the wood-oil interaction. The evaporation behavior of the oil differed significantly, largely due to the chemical and physical characteristics of the species. Tannin played a crucial role: higher concentrations formed a barrier that prevented the oil from penetrating the wood, leading to its release into the environment instead. Additionally, tannin may react with the oil and retain it on the wood’s surface. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the VOC detection results: the moment the emission peak is detected coincides with the maximum infrared absorption, indicating the wood-oil interaction. The mechanical characteristics of the two species differ slightly, and these differences also play a key role in how the wood interacts with the essential oil.
Il pino cembro è una specie legnosa rinomata per il suo profumo resinoso intenso e gradevole, che ne valorizza l’impiego in ambiti dove l’aroma naturale del legno è un elemento distintivo. Le sue caratteristiche fisiche, come la morbidezza e la facilità di lavorazione, lo rendono particolarmente adatto alla realizzazione di mobili, rivestimenti per saune e opere di scultura. Tuttavia, trattandosi di una specie pregiata, non sempre facilmente reperibile e in alcuni territori anche soggetta a tutela, questo studio propone di valutare, attraverso l’analisi chimico-fisica, la possibilità di sostituirlo con l’abete rosso, molto più accessibile. Pertanto, al fine di identificarne le proprietà, è stata eseguita una caratterizzazione meccanica del legno e delle sostanze organiche volatili. Gli esperimenti per valutare i VOC sono stati di due tipi: i) diretti, valutando le sostanze emesse dai campioni tal quali, addizionati di oli essenziali e modificati con soluzioni di tannino; ii) indiretti, analizzando spettroscopicamente i campioni di pino cembro ed abete rosso variando le condizioni. Entrambi gli esperimenti sono stati messi a punto specificatamente per questo studio. Inoltre, lo studio è stato concentrato, inoltre, sui test meccanici del pino cembro e dell’abete rosso, utilizzando la macchina di prova per evidenziare eventuali disparità tra la composizione interna delle due specie trattate. Si esamina, in particolare, come diversi livelli di umidità influenzino le caratteristiche fisico-chimiche e meccaniche del legno, come la resistenza alla compressione, la durezza, la porosità e la densità, e come queste possano incidere sull’emissione di VOC. Ad esempio, il pino cembro è più poroso e meno denso dell’abete rosso, il che potrebbe influenzare la capacità del legno di trattenere o rilasciare composti volatili. I risultati principali di questo studio hanno mostrato che, per quanto riguarda l’analisi dei VOC, i campioni tal quale non emettono composti volatili significativi, mentre in aggiunta dell’olio essenziale di pino cembro, è possibile, sia per il pino cembro che l’abete rosso definire una tendenza di crescita, raggiunta del picco e decrescita dato dall’interazione legno-olio. L’evaporazione dell’olio è in ogni caso differente, legata molto alle caratteristiche chimico-fisiche delle specie. L’uso del tannino gioca un ruolo cruciale: livelli più elevati creano una barriera che impedisce all’olio di penetrare nel legno, facendo sì che venga rilasciato nell’ambiente. In aggiunta, il tannino potrebbe anche reagire con l’olio e trattenerlo sulla superficie del legno. Nel caso dell’analisi FT-IR, essa ha confermato le analisi eseguite mediante lo strumento di rilevazione dei VOC: ossia il momento in cui si rileva il picco coincide con quello massimo in termini di infrarossi, che evidenzia l’interazione legno-olio. Le caratteristiche meccaniche, tra le specie, sono leggermente differenti e giocano, anche queste, un ruolo fondamentale nell’interazione legno-olio.
Comparazione delle caratteristiche chimico-fisiche di pino cembro e abete rosso
GIONTA, MARA
2024/2025
Abstract
Swiss pine, also known as stone pine, is a wood species renowned for its intense and pleasant resinous fragrance, which enhances its use in contexts where the natural aroma of the wood is a distinguishing feature. Its physical properties, such as softness and ease of processing, make it particularly suitable for the production of furniture, sauna cladding, and sculptural works. However, being a valuable species that is not always readily available, and in some regions even protected, this study aims to evaluate, through chemical-physical analysis, the possibility of replacing it with Norway spruce, which is much more accessible. To identify their properties, a mechanical characterization of the wood and of its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was carried out. The experiments to evaluate VOC emissions were of two types: i) direct, by evaluating substances emitted from untreated samples, as well as those enriched with essential oils and modified with tannin solutions; ii) indirect, by spectroscopically analyzing both Swiss pine and Norway spruce samples under varying conditions. Both experimental approaches were specifically developed for this study. Furthermore, the research focused on mechanical testing of Swiss pine and Norway spruce using a testing machine to highlight potential differences in the internal composition of the two species. In particular, the study examined how varying moisture levels affect the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the wood, such as compressive strength, hardness, porosity, and density, and how these characteristics influence VOC emissions. For example, Swiss pine is more porous and less dense than Norway spruce, which could impact the wood’s ability to retain or release volatile compounds. The main findings of the study showed that, with regard to VOC analysis, the untreated samples did not emit significant volatile compounds. However, when Swiss pine essential oil was added, both Swiss pine and Norway spruce showed a trend of increasing emission, reaching a peak, and then declining, resulting from the wood-oil interaction. The evaporation behavior of the oil differed significantly, largely due to the chemical and physical characteristics of the species. Tannin played a crucial role: higher concentrations formed a barrier that prevented the oil from penetrating the wood, leading to its release into the environment instead. Additionally, tannin may react with the oil and retain it on the wood’s surface. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the VOC detection results: the moment the emission peak is detected coincides with the maximum infrared absorption, indicating the wood-oil interaction. The mechanical characteristics of the two species differ slightly, and these differences also play a key role in how the wood interacts with the essential oil.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87636