Background: Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) is an emerging clinical condition, traditionally considered a subtype of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). It is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with muscularity and dysfunctional behaviors aimed at increasing muscle mass. Recent studies have questioned its nosographic classification and highlighted the involvement of identity-related, cultural, and social factors, such as adherence to rigid gender norms, sexual orientation, and problematic use of social media. Objectives: To explore the relationships between muscle dysmorphia, self-objectification, gender identity and expression, sexual orientation, and internalization of body ideals, integrating insights from Objectification Theory and the Precarious Manhood model. Methods: A sample of 163 adult participants completed a battery of questionnaires, including the MDDI, SOBBS, and GVS. Statistical analyses included bivariate correlations, ANOVA, t-tests, and linear and logistic regression models. Results: Muscle dysmorphia was associated with higher levels of self-objectification and greater conformity to masculine gender norms, while feminine and fluid gender expression appeared to serve as protective factors. Significant differences emerged based on gender and sexual orientation, with higher scores observed among male and queer participants. Conclusions: Findings suggest that MD is influenced by cross-cutting psychological and sociocultural factors, supporting a transdiagnostic and gender-sensitive understanding of the condition. Future clinical interventions should aim to reduce self-objectification and challenge rigid gender norms.
Background: Il dismorfismo muscolare (Muscle Dysmorphia, MD) è una condizione clinica emergente, tradizionalmente considerata un sottotipo del disturbo da dismorfismo corporeo (BDD), che si manifesta attraverso un’eccessiva preoccupazione per la massa muscolare e comportamenti disfunzionali volti ad aumentarla. Studi recenti ne mettono in discussione l’inquadramento nosografico e suggeriscono il coinvolgimento di fattori identitari, culturali e sociali, come l’aderenza a norme di genere rigide, l’orientamento sessuale e l’uso problematico dei social media. Obiettivi: Esplorare le relazioni tra dismorfismo muscolare, auto-oggettificazione, identità ed espressione di genere, orientamento sessuale e interiorizzazione degli ideali corporei, integrando l’Objectification Theory e il modello della mascolinità precaria. Metodi: Un campione di 163 partecipanti adulti ha completato una batteria di questionari comprendente: MDDI, SOBBS, GVS. Le analisi statistiche hanno incluso correlazioni bivariate, ANOVA, t-test e modelli di regressione lineare e logistica. Risultati: Il dismorfismo muscolare risulta associato a più alti livelli di auto-oggettificazione e a maggiore conformità a norme di genere maschili, mentre l’espressione di genere più fluida e quella femminile sembrano agire come fattori protettivi. Differenze significative emergono per genere e orientamento sessuale, con punteggi più elevati nei gruppi maschili e queer. Conclusioni: I risultati suggeriscono che MD sia influenzato da fattori psicologici e socioculturali trasversali, e ne sostengono una lettura transdiagnostica e sensibile al genere. Interventi clinici futuri dovrebbero mirare alla riduzione dell’auto-oggettificazione e alla ristrutturazione delle norme di genere rigide.
"Non abbastanza forte": uno studio esplorativo sul genere, immagine corporea e dismorfismo muscolare
BENI, LORENZO GIUSEPPE
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) is an emerging clinical condition, traditionally considered a subtype of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). It is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with muscularity and dysfunctional behaviors aimed at increasing muscle mass. Recent studies have questioned its nosographic classification and highlighted the involvement of identity-related, cultural, and social factors, such as adherence to rigid gender norms, sexual orientation, and problematic use of social media. Objectives: To explore the relationships between muscle dysmorphia, self-objectification, gender identity and expression, sexual orientation, and internalization of body ideals, integrating insights from Objectification Theory and the Precarious Manhood model. Methods: A sample of 163 adult participants completed a battery of questionnaires, including the MDDI, SOBBS, and GVS. Statistical analyses included bivariate correlations, ANOVA, t-tests, and linear and logistic regression models. Results: Muscle dysmorphia was associated with higher levels of self-objectification and greater conformity to masculine gender norms, while feminine and fluid gender expression appeared to serve as protective factors. Significant differences emerged based on gender and sexual orientation, with higher scores observed among male and queer participants. Conclusions: Findings suggest that MD is influenced by cross-cutting psychological and sociocultural factors, supporting a transdiagnostic and gender-sensitive understanding of the condition. Future clinical interventions should aim to reduce self-objectification and challenge rigid gender norms.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/88085