The modernization of repression and resistance: The rise of state-led digital repression in Latin America and the role of National Human Rights Institutions

This thesis examines the role of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) in safeguarding human rights and democratic principles against state-led digital repression in Latin American democracies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on Mexico, Colombia, and Ecuador, it explores the extent to which NHRIs effectively counterbalance digital repression in democracies through institutional mechanisms, public advocacy, and collaboration with other human rights networks. Through an analysis of digital surveillance, online censorship, internet shutdowns, online manipulation, and the persecution of online users, this research analyzes the limitations of NHRIs in mitigating state overreach in the digital sphere and its direct effect on civil society. The findings suggest that while NHRIs are mandated to protect fundamental rights, their responses remain constrained by political pressures, limited enforcement capacities, and insufficient regional coordination. This study contributes to the growing body of research on digital authoritarianism and offers insights into strengthening human rights protections and assessments in an increasingly digitalized political landscape.