The so-called "Fourth Revolution"—the digital one—which began at the end of the last century, is radically transforming our daily habits. One only needs to consider the increasingly widespread use of mobile phones and the Internet. Digitalization has permeated various sectors, including the financial one. This has led to the emergence of the term Fintech, referring to newly established startups that leverage technology to provide financial services. Born in the United States, the Fintech phenomenon is also gaining ground in Italy, particularly following the Covid-19 pandemic, which prompted a rethinking of traditional financial and banking activities. Notably, from 2020 onward, the electronic payments sector and home or online banking services have experienced a significant acceleration, a trend that continues today. Digitalization is reshaping both the supply and, consequently, the use of banking services, which are increasingly made available to users through digital platforms. The European legislator has addressed this transformation by adopting the first directive on electronic payment services—known as PSD1—in the early 2000s, later amended in 2015. Open Banking has also started to spread in Europe, enabling, through API interfaces and with the customer's prior consent, the sharing of financial data between banks and third-party companies. This marks a shift from a system in which banks guarded client data as a precious asset, to one that encourages its sharing. Within this context, the European Commission has proposed the FiDA regulation, which aims to govern financial data sharing in compliance with the core principles of EU law. This regulatory framework must also respect the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to safeguard customers' sensitive information. Moreover, the emergence of new scenarios characterized by increased cooperation among economic operators has necessitated stronger protection against cybersecurity risks, leading to the adoption of the DORA Regulation, which aligns with the GDPR. The Fintech sector’s openness to new and highly technological entities—significantly different from traditional banks—also calls for careful consideration in terms of competition regulation. It is essential, on the one hand, to ensure market access for startups and small operators, and on the other hand, to prevent so-called BigTech companies from marginalizing these new players. In just two decades, the digital revolution has upended a sector—the financial one—that appeared to rest on solid foundations. This transformation has been closely accompanied by appropriate legislative measures at the European level. However, given the rapid pace of digital change, it is crucial to continuously update the regulatory framework to avoid governing new phenomena with outdated models. For this reason, there has already been discussion about a revision of the second directive on payment services—PSD2—leading toward PSD3, and about what some consider the next big trend: Buy Now Pay Later. This thesis therefore analyzes the impact of digitalization on the financial sector, with specific reference to the development of Fintech and the role of European regulation.
La cosiddetta "quarta rivoluzione", quella digitale, avviata sul finire del secolo scorso, sta cambiando radicalmente le nostre abitudini. Basti pensare all'utilizzo sempre più diffuso dei telefoni cellulare o di Internet. La digitalizzazione ha abbracciato numerosi ambiti, tra cui quello finanziario: si inizia così a parlare di Fintech per indicare quelle start up di recente costituzione che utilizzano la tecnologia per offrire i propri servizi finanziari. Nato negli Stati Uniti, il fenomeno del Fintech si sta affermando anche in Italia specialmente a seguito della pandemia da Covid-19 che ha imposto un ripensamento delle tradizionali attività finanziarie e bancarie. Non a caso, specialmente dopo il 2020, il settore dei pagamenti elettronici e dei servizi di home o online banking ha subito una forte accelerazione e ancora oggi continua a svilupparsi. La digitalizzazione sta cambiando il modo di concepire l'offerta, e di conseguenza la fruizione, dei servizi bancari che possono essere messi a disposizione degli utenti anche tramite piattaforme digitali. Il legislatore europeo è intervenuto sul punto e nei primi anni 2000 ha adottato la prima direttiva sui servizi di pagamento elettronici, la cosiddetta PSD1 poi modificata nel 2015. Inizia a diffondersi anche in Europa l'Open Banking che consente, mediante interfacce API, la condivisone dei dati finanziari, previo consenso del cliente, tra banche e società terze. Si passa pertanto da un sistema in cui le banche custodivano gelosamente un bene così prezioso come i dati e le informazioni dei propri clienti, ad un sistema che favorisce la condivisione degli stessi. In questo ambito si inserisce la proposta FiDA del legislatore europeo che tenta di disciplinare, nel rispetto dei principi cardine dell'ordinamento comunitario, la condivisione dei dati finanziari. Tale disciplina, infatti, deve osservare i dettami previsti dal Regolamento sulla protezione dei dati personali (GDPR) al fine di tutelare le informazioni sensibili del cliente. Inoltre, l'apertura a nuovi scenari caratterizzati da una collaborazione tra gli operatori economici, ha richiesto maggiore tutela in ordine ai rischi informatici e alla cybersicurezza per questo è stato emanato il Regolamento DORA, che si pone in continuità con il GDPR. L'apertura da parte del settore Fintech a nuove realtà e imprese tecnologiche che si differenziano notevolmente rispetto alle tradizionali banche, impone poi una riflessione sulla disciplina in termini di regolamentazione della concorrenza. È fondamenale, da un lato garantire l'accesso al mercato anche alle startup e agli operatori di piccole dimensioni e dall'altro evitare che le cosiddette BigTech escludano tali nuove realtà. La rivoluzione digitale in appena un ventennio ha stravolto un settore, quello finanziario, che sembrava poggiare su solidi pilastri. Questa metamorfosi è stata accompagnata pedissequamente da adeguate misure legislative comunitarie. Tuttavia, considerata la rapidità con cui evolvono i cambiamenti digitali, è importante un costante aggiornamento delle norme di riferimento per evitare che nuovi fenomeni vengano regolamentati da schemi diventati ormai obsoleti. Da qualche tempo, pertanto, si è già incominciato a parlare di una rivisitazione alla seconda direttiva sui servizi di pagamento, la cosiddetta PSD3 e a quello che, a detta di alcuni potrebbe essere il futuro: il Buy Now Pay Later. Il presente lavoro dunque, analizza l'impatto della digitalizzazione sul settore finanziario con riferimento allo sviluppo del Fintech e al ruolo della normativa europea.
Fintech e Open Banking: la rivoluzione della finanza collaborativa Profili giuridici e tutele nella condivisione dei dati finanziari
BOLOGNATO, RICCARDO
2024/2025
Abstract
The so-called "Fourth Revolution"—the digital one—which began at the end of the last century, is radically transforming our daily habits. One only needs to consider the increasingly widespread use of mobile phones and the Internet. Digitalization has permeated various sectors, including the financial one. This has led to the emergence of the term Fintech, referring to newly established startups that leverage technology to provide financial services. Born in the United States, the Fintech phenomenon is also gaining ground in Italy, particularly following the Covid-19 pandemic, which prompted a rethinking of traditional financial and banking activities. Notably, from 2020 onward, the electronic payments sector and home or online banking services have experienced a significant acceleration, a trend that continues today. Digitalization is reshaping both the supply and, consequently, the use of banking services, which are increasingly made available to users through digital platforms. The European legislator has addressed this transformation by adopting the first directive on electronic payment services—known as PSD1—in the early 2000s, later amended in 2015. Open Banking has also started to spread in Europe, enabling, through API interfaces and with the customer's prior consent, the sharing of financial data between banks and third-party companies. This marks a shift from a system in which banks guarded client data as a precious asset, to one that encourages its sharing. Within this context, the European Commission has proposed the FiDA regulation, which aims to govern financial data sharing in compliance with the core principles of EU law. This regulatory framework must also respect the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to safeguard customers' sensitive information. Moreover, the emergence of new scenarios characterized by increased cooperation among economic operators has necessitated stronger protection against cybersecurity risks, leading to the adoption of the DORA Regulation, which aligns with the GDPR. The Fintech sector’s openness to new and highly technological entities—significantly different from traditional banks—also calls for careful consideration in terms of competition regulation. It is essential, on the one hand, to ensure market access for startups and small operators, and on the other hand, to prevent so-called BigTech companies from marginalizing these new players. In just two decades, the digital revolution has upended a sector—the financial one—that appeared to rest on solid foundations. This transformation has been closely accompanied by appropriate legislative measures at the European level. However, given the rapid pace of digital change, it is crucial to continuously update the regulatory framework to avoid governing new phenomena with outdated models. For this reason, there has already been discussion about a revision of the second directive on payment services—PSD2—leading toward PSD3, and about what some consider the next big trend: Buy Now Pay Later. This thesis therefore analyzes the impact of digitalization on the financial sector, with specific reference to the development of Fintech and the role of European regulation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/88578