The paper explores the legal profiles associated with the use of biometric facial recognition technologies, paying attention to the implications on freedom of thought and democratic participation. In the first part, systems are analyzed from a technical and critical perspective, including accuracy, bias, and transparency. This is followed by an examination of the relevant regulatory frameworks: the GDPR, the White Paper on AI, and the recent EU Regulation 2024/1689 (AI Act). Space is then devoted to the risks arising from the use of such technologies in public protests and demonstrations, such as in Glukhin v. Russia and the 2025 Budapest Pride case, to understand the importance of the deterrent effect (chilling effect). Finally, regulatory and technical solutions are proposed for constitutionally compatible use of TRFs, such as mandatory impact assessment and adoption of the principle of privacy by design.
Nell’elaborato vengono esplorati i profili giuridici connessi all’utilizzo delle tecnologie di riconoscimento facciale biometrico, riservando attenzione alle implicazioni sulla libertà di manifestazione del pensiero e sulla partecipazione democratica. Nella prima parte i sistemi sono analizzati dal punto di vista tecnico e delle criticità, tra cui l’accuratezza, i bias e la trasparenza. Si passa poi all’esame dei quadri normativi di riferimento: il GDPR, il White Paper on AI e il recente Regolamento UE 2024/1689 (AI Act). Viene successivamente dedicato spazio ai rischi derivanti dall’impiego di tali tecnologie nelle proteste e manifestazioni pubbliche, come nel caso Glukhin c. Russia e nel caso del Pride di Budapest del 2025, per comprendere l’importanza dell’effetto dissuasivo (chilling effect). Infine si propongono soluzioni normative e tecniche per un uso costituzionalmente compatibile delle TRF, come l’obbligo di valutazione d’impatto e l’adozione del principio di privacy by design.
Riconoscimento facciale biometrico e libertà di manifestazione del pensiero: tecnologia e diritti in conflitto
COSTINITI, GABRIELE
2024/2025
Abstract
The paper explores the legal profiles associated with the use of biometric facial recognition technologies, paying attention to the implications on freedom of thought and democratic participation. In the first part, systems are analyzed from a technical and critical perspective, including accuracy, bias, and transparency. This is followed by an examination of the relevant regulatory frameworks: the GDPR, the White Paper on AI, and the recent EU Regulation 2024/1689 (AI Act). Space is then devoted to the risks arising from the use of such technologies in public protests and demonstrations, such as in Glukhin v. Russia and the 2025 Budapest Pride case, to understand the importance of the deterrent effect (chilling effect). Finally, regulatory and technical solutions are proposed for constitutionally compatible use of TRFs, such as mandatory impact assessment and adoption of the principle of privacy by design.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/88621