Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders worldwide, with an incidence that continues to rise due to the progressive aging of the global population (Chen et al., 2001; Huang et al., 2023). Although traditionally classified as a motor disorder, PD is now widely recognized to involve a range of non-motor symptoms, including cognitive deficits, affective and behavioral alterations, and, notably, sleep disturbances (Chahine et al., 2017). These disturbances—such as REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) and excessive daytime sleepiness—not only significantly impair patients’ quality of life, but may also serve as prodromal indicators of the disease (Postuma et al., 2012; Schenck et al., 2013). Sleep regulation, based on endogenous biological cycles (Halberg et al., 1976), is profoundly disrupted in PD, adversely affecting not only rest but also the cognitive and affective processes associated with REM and non-REM (nREM) phases (Bear et al., 2016; McNamara, 2019). REM sleep, in particular, is implicated in memory consolidation and emotional regulation (Walker & Van Der Helm, 2009; Boyce, 2016), and its impairment may exacerbate the cognitive decline associated with PD, potentially contributing to the development of full-blown dementia (Sousa et al., 2022). The present study aims primarily to analyze the sleep-wake cycle in individuals with PD through actigraphic data and self-report instruments, comparing them to a control group. A secondary objective is to evaluate the effect of a multidisciplinary rehabilitative intervention—including physiotherapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and neuropsychological rehabilitation—on perceived sleep quality and quality of life. The methodological approach employed is a within-subject pre-post test design, enabling the measurement of changes in observed parameters following treatment. The experimental sample comprises 18 PD patients recruited from the GVDR Center in Padua, aged between 63 and 85 years, with a Hoehn & Yahr stage between 2 and 4. Patients with deep brain stimulation (DBS), dementia, severe psychiatric comorbidities, or atypical parkinsonian syndromes were excluded. A control group of 10 non-clinical subjects (aged 65–88 years) was used for comparative purposes. Data collection included actigraphy (GENEActive 1.2 device), sleep diaries, the PDQL questionnaire, and neuropsychological tests (MoCA and selected BEN-Par subtests), with two assessment points (T1 and T2) separated by a 20-session rehabilitation cycle. Unlike previous studies focused solely on physiotherapy (Radder et al., 2020; Yohei et al., 2021), the interventions administered here are characterized by an integration of motor and cognitive domains, aiming to support the overall maintenance of functional abilities. Recent evidence indicates that neuromotor interventions can not only improve the quality of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and reduce REM sleep fragmentation but are also associated with enhanced cognitive and emotional outcomes (Memon et al., 2020; Amara et al., 2020, 2017). The analysis of both objective (actigraphic) and subjective (diaries and questionnaires) data seeks to test hypotheses regarding improvements in sleep quality and perceived quality of life among treated participants. Particular attention is given to the relationship between sleep disturbances and cognitive performance, in light of literature highlighting a correlation between altered sleep, executive dysfunction, and cognitive decline in PD patients (Dahat et al., 2023; Potkin et al., 2012).
Il morbo di Parkinson (MdP) è una delle principali patologie neurodegenerative a livello globale, con un’incidenza in costante aumento attribuibile all’invecchiamento progressivo della popolazione (Chen et al., 2001; Huang et al., 2023). Sebbene il MdP sia tradizionalmente considerato un disturbo motorio, è ormai ampiamente riconosciuto che la sua sintomatologia coinvolge anche aspetti non motori, quali deficit cognitivi, alterazioni affettive e comportamentali e, in particolare, disturbi del sonno (Chahine et al., 2017). Tali disturbi, tra cui il disturbo comportamentale del sonno REM (RBD) e la sonnolenza diurna eccessiva, non solo compromettono la qualità della vita dei pazienti, ma possono rappresentare indicatori prodromici della patologia (Postuma et al., 2012; Schenck et al., 2013). La regolazione del sonno, fondata su cicli biologici endogeni (Halberg et al., 1976), risulta profondamente alterata nel MdP, compromettendo non solo il riposo, ma anche i processi cognitivi e affettivi associati alle fasi REM e nREM (Bear et al., 2016; McNamara, 2019). Il sonno REM, in particolare, è implicato nel consolidamento mnestico e nella regolazione emozionale (Walker & Van Der Helm, 2009; Boyce, 2016), e la sua compromissione potrebbe esacerbare il declino cognitivo associato al MdP, fino allo sviluppo di una vera e propria demenza (Sousa et al., 2022). In questo contesto si inserisce il presente studio, che ha come obiettivo primario l’analisi del ciclo sonno-veglia in soggetti con MdP mediante dati attigrafici e strumenti self-report, confrontandoli con un gruppo di controllo. Obiettivo secondario è la valutazione dell’effetto di un intervento riabilitativo multidisciplinare (comprendente fisioterapia, logopedia, terapia occupazionale e riabilitazione neuropsicologica) sulla qualità del sonno e della vita percepita. L’approccio metodologico adottato è di tipo pre-post test intra-soggetto, che consente di misurare l’evoluzione dei parametri osservati in seguito al trattamento. Il campione sperimentale è composto da 18 pazienti con MdP, afferenti al centro del Gruppo Veneto Diagnostica e Riabilitazione (GVDR) di Padova, di età compresa tra 63 e 85 anni, con Hoehn & Yahr compreso tra 2 e 4. Sono stati esclusi pazienti con deep brain stimulation (DBS), forme di demenza, comorbidità psichiatriche gravi e parkinsonismi atipici. Un gruppo di controllo di 10 soggetti non clinici (età 65–88 anni) ha permesso il confronto tra i due campioni. La raccolta dati è avvenuta tramite attigrafia, diario del sonno, questionari sulla qualità della vita e test neuropsicologici, con due misurazioni (t1 e t2) distanziate da un ciclo riabilitativo di 20 sedute. I trattamenti somministrati, rispetto ad altri studi basati sulla sola fisioterapia (Radder et al., 2020; Yohei et al., 2021), si distinguono per l’integrazione tra ambiti motori e cognitivi, con l’obiettivo di promuovere il mantenimento globale delle abilità funzionali. In particolare, recenti evidenze mostrano che interventi neuromotori, oltre a migliorare la qualità del sonno profondo (SWS), riducono la frammentazione del sonno REM e sono associati a migliori esiti cognitivi e affettivi (Memon et al., 2020; Amara et al., 2020, 2017). L’analisi dei dati raccolti, sia oggettivi (attigrafici) che soggettivi (diari e questionari), è volta a verificare ipotesi di miglioramento della qualità del sonno e della qualità della vita nei soggetti trattati. Una particolare attenzione è dedicata al legame tra disturbi del sonno e prestazioni cognitive, alla luce della letteratura che evidenzia una correlazione tra sonno alterato, peggioramento delle funzioni esecutive e declino cognitivo nei pazienti con MdP (Dahat et al., 2023; Potkin et al., 2012).
Caratteristiche del ciclo sonno-veglia in pazienti con morbo di Parkinson: uno studio attigrafico
SIMONELLI, NICCOLÒ
2024/2025
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders worldwide, with an incidence that continues to rise due to the progressive aging of the global population (Chen et al., 2001; Huang et al., 2023). Although traditionally classified as a motor disorder, PD is now widely recognized to involve a range of non-motor symptoms, including cognitive deficits, affective and behavioral alterations, and, notably, sleep disturbances (Chahine et al., 2017). These disturbances—such as REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) and excessive daytime sleepiness—not only significantly impair patients’ quality of life, but may also serve as prodromal indicators of the disease (Postuma et al., 2012; Schenck et al., 2013). Sleep regulation, based on endogenous biological cycles (Halberg et al., 1976), is profoundly disrupted in PD, adversely affecting not only rest but also the cognitive and affective processes associated with REM and non-REM (nREM) phases (Bear et al., 2016; McNamara, 2019). REM sleep, in particular, is implicated in memory consolidation and emotional regulation (Walker & Van Der Helm, 2009; Boyce, 2016), and its impairment may exacerbate the cognitive decline associated with PD, potentially contributing to the development of full-blown dementia (Sousa et al., 2022). The present study aims primarily to analyze the sleep-wake cycle in individuals with PD through actigraphic data and self-report instruments, comparing them to a control group. A secondary objective is to evaluate the effect of a multidisciplinary rehabilitative intervention—including physiotherapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and neuropsychological rehabilitation—on perceived sleep quality and quality of life. The methodological approach employed is a within-subject pre-post test design, enabling the measurement of changes in observed parameters following treatment. The experimental sample comprises 18 PD patients recruited from the GVDR Center in Padua, aged between 63 and 85 years, with a Hoehn & Yahr stage between 2 and 4. Patients with deep brain stimulation (DBS), dementia, severe psychiatric comorbidities, or atypical parkinsonian syndromes were excluded. A control group of 10 non-clinical subjects (aged 65–88 years) was used for comparative purposes. Data collection included actigraphy (GENEActive 1.2 device), sleep diaries, the PDQL questionnaire, and neuropsychological tests (MoCA and selected BEN-Par subtests), with two assessment points (T1 and T2) separated by a 20-session rehabilitation cycle. Unlike previous studies focused solely on physiotherapy (Radder et al., 2020; Yohei et al., 2021), the interventions administered here are characterized by an integration of motor and cognitive domains, aiming to support the overall maintenance of functional abilities. Recent evidence indicates that neuromotor interventions can not only improve the quality of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and reduce REM sleep fragmentation but are also associated with enhanced cognitive and emotional outcomes (Memon et al., 2020; Amara et al., 2020, 2017). The analysis of both objective (actigraphic) and subjective (diaries and questionnaires) data seeks to test hypotheses regarding improvements in sleep quality and perceived quality of life among treated participants. Particular attention is given to the relationship between sleep disturbances and cognitive performance, in light of literature highlighting a correlation between altered sleep, executive dysfunction, and cognitive decline in PD patients (Dahat et al., 2023; Potkin et al., 2012).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/88862