Mastitis represents one of the principal challenges in dairy cattle farming, both due to its repercussions on animal welfare and health, and for the economic consequences it entails for the farmer. Timely and accurate diagnosis is essential to limit herd dissemination and to initiate an appropriate therapeutic strategy. The primary objective of this study is the evaluation of the potential applicability of blood gas analysis in the diagnosis of mild forms of clinical mastitis. The trial was carried out by recruiting Italian Friesian breed dairy cows from a single farm located in Northern Italy. The protocol included a weekly intervention; thus, at the time of intervention (3 hours after milking), all animals which, following evaluation by the farmer, had shown clinical signs attributable to a mild form of clinical mastitis during the morning milking, were enrolled. Two interventions were scheduled for each animal: the first at T0 (day of diagnosis) and the second at an interval of 7 days (T1). During both interventions, the following were performed: clinical examination to confirm the mild degree of mastitis; bacteriological examination and somatic cell count (SCC); blood gas analysis in the field. Animals with moderate or severe forms of mastitis, animals presenting repeated mastitis episodes during the trial period, animals with other concomitant pathological processes different from mastitis, and animals already undergoing antibiotic pharmacological treatment at the time of the intervention were excluded from the study. For the purposes of this study, animals that confirmed positivity for coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) at both sampling times were considered, dividing them into two groups: group SCN_LOW, n. 45 animals (SCC < 200,000 and bacteriological examination positive for CNS at T0 and T1); group SCN_HIGH, n. 12 animals (SCC > 200,000 and bacteriological examination positive for CNS at T0 and T1). Moreover, a third NEGATIVE control group was included, n. 6 animals (negative bacteriological examination at T0 and T1, SCC < 200,000, and absence of detectable clinical symptoms). Following the conducted statistical analysis, various electrolyte alterations emerged, particularly K⁺ and Cl⁻ levels proved to be higher in subjects affected by mastitis. Parameters relating to the acid-base balance in affected animals displayed variations from the physiological range suggestive of a mild metabolic alkalosis condition. Finally, in diseased animals, an increase in renal parameters (urea, creatinine, and BUN) and blood lactate levels was observed, potentially attributable to altered perfusion secondary to a dehydration phenomenon. Therefore, blood gas analysis can be considered a valid tool for the diagnosis of this pathology as well as for the assessment of several prognostic indicators, although future studies are required to confirm its reliability, define its limitations, and standardize its application in the clinical setting.
La mastite rappresenta una delle principali criticità nell’allevamento della bovina da latte, sia per le ripercussioni sul benessere e sulla salute dell’animale, sia per le conseguenze economiche che comporta per l’allevatore. La diagnosi tempestiva e accurata è essenziale per limitare la diffusione nella mandria e intraprendere il giusto piano terapeutico. Lo studio si propone come principale obiettivo la valutazione del potenziale applicativo dell’emogasanalisi nella diagnosi di forme lievi di mastiti cliniche. La prova è stata condotta reclutando bovine di razza Frisona Italiana provenienti da un’unica azienda del Nord-Italia. Il protocollo prevedeva un intervento settimanale, pertanto, al momento dell’intervento (3 ore dopo la mungitura), venivano arruolati tutti gli animali che, in seguito alla valutazione dell’allevatore, avevano manifestato una sintomatologia riconducibile a una forma lieve di mastite clinica durante la mungitura della mattina stessa. Per ciascun animale sono stati previsti due interventi: il primo intervento a T0 (il giorno della diagnosi) e il secondo a distanza di 7 giorni (T1). In entrambi gli interventi sono stati effettuati: esame clinico per confermare il grado lieve della mastite; esame batteriologico e conta delle cellule somatiche (SCC); emogasanalisi in campo. Sono stati esclusi dallo studio animali con forme di mastite moderate o gravi, animali con casi di mastite ripetuti durante il periodo di prova, animali con altri concomitanti processi patologici differenti dalla mastite e animali già in trattamento farmacologico antibiotico al momento dell’intervento. Ai fini dello studio sono stati considerati gli animali che hanno confermato in entrambe le tempistiche di campionamento la positività per Stafilococchi coagulasi negativi (SCN), suddividendoli in 2 gruppi: gruppo SCN_BASSO, n. 45 animali (SCC < 200.000 ed esame batteriologico positivo per SCN a T0 e a T1); gruppo SCN_ALTO, n.12 animali (SCC > 200.000 ed esame batteriologico positivo per SCN a T0 e a T1). È stato inoltre inserito un terzo gruppo controllo NEGATIVO, n.6 animali (con esame batteriologico negativo a T0 e a T1, SCC < 200.000 ed assenza di sintomatologia clinica rilevabile). In seguito all’analisi statistica condotta sono emerse diverse alterazioni elettrolitiche, in particolare i livelli di K⁺ e Cl⁻ si sono dimostrati più elevati negli individui affetti da mastite. I parametri riferiti all’equilibrio acido-base hanno manifestato per gli animali affetti dalla patologia delle variazioni rispetto al range fisiologico suggestive di una condizione di lieve alcalosi metabolica. Infine, è stato rilevato negli animali malati un aumento del valore dei parametri renali (urea, creatinina e BUN) e dei livelli di lattato ematico, che potrebbe essere ricondotto ad un’alterazione della perfusione conseguente ad un fenomeno di disidratazione. Pertanto l’emogasanalisi può essere considerato un buono strumento per la diagnosi di tale patologia e al contempo per la valutazione di diversi indicatori prognostici, seppur necessiti di futuri studi che ne confermino l’affidabilità, ne definiscano i limiti e ne standardizzino l’applicazione in ambito clinico.
Utilizzo dell'emogas-analisi in corso di mastite nella bovina da latte
COSARO, ANDREA
2024/2025
Abstract
Mastitis represents one of the principal challenges in dairy cattle farming, both due to its repercussions on animal welfare and health, and for the economic consequences it entails for the farmer. Timely and accurate diagnosis is essential to limit herd dissemination and to initiate an appropriate therapeutic strategy. The primary objective of this study is the evaluation of the potential applicability of blood gas analysis in the diagnosis of mild forms of clinical mastitis. The trial was carried out by recruiting Italian Friesian breed dairy cows from a single farm located in Northern Italy. The protocol included a weekly intervention; thus, at the time of intervention (3 hours after milking), all animals which, following evaluation by the farmer, had shown clinical signs attributable to a mild form of clinical mastitis during the morning milking, were enrolled. Two interventions were scheduled for each animal: the first at T0 (day of diagnosis) and the second at an interval of 7 days (T1). During both interventions, the following were performed: clinical examination to confirm the mild degree of mastitis; bacteriological examination and somatic cell count (SCC); blood gas analysis in the field. Animals with moderate or severe forms of mastitis, animals presenting repeated mastitis episodes during the trial period, animals with other concomitant pathological processes different from mastitis, and animals already undergoing antibiotic pharmacological treatment at the time of the intervention were excluded from the study. For the purposes of this study, animals that confirmed positivity for coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) at both sampling times were considered, dividing them into two groups: group SCN_LOW, n. 45 animals (SCC < 200,000 and bacteriological examination positive for CNS at T0 and T1); group SCN_HIGH, n. 12 animals (SCC > 200,000 and bacteriological examination positive for CNS at T0 and T1). Moreover, a third NEGATIVE control group was included, n. 6 animals (negative bacteriological examination at T0 and T1, SCC < 200,000, and absence of detectable clinical symptoms). Following the conducted statistical analysis, various electrolyte alterations emerged, particularly K⁺ and Cl⁻ levels proved to be higher in subjects affected by mastitis. Parameters relating to the acid-base balance in affected animals displayed variations from the physiological range suggestive of a mild metabolic alkalosis condition. Finally, in diseased animals, an increase in renal parameters (urea, creatinine, and BUN) and blood lactate levels was observed, potentially attributable to altered perfusion secondary to a dehydration phenomenon. Therefore, blood gas analysis can be considered a valid tool for the diagnosis of this pathology as well as for the assessment of several prognostic indicators, although future studies are required to confirm its reliability, define its limitations, and standardize its application in the clinical setting.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/89118