Very Low Earth Orbits (VLEO) represent one of the most exciting frontiers in space engineering today. Operating at altitudes between 150 and 400 km means facing an environment full of challenges, but also one that offers unique opportunities in terms of resolution, efficiency, and sustainability. This thesis explores in depth the technical and scientific potential of VLEO missions, analyzing the main physical and operational obstacles and evaluating innovative solutions developed in recent years. Following an initial reflection on the personal motivations behind the choice of this topic, the European Space Agency’s GOCE mission is presented as an emblematic case of success in low orbit. A simulation carried out using the GMAT software partially reconstructs GOCE’s operational dynamics, highlighting the importance of altitude control and orbital decay. The analysis then focuses on three emerging platforms: SkimSat, SabreSat, and DiskSat. Each of these addresses the critical issues related to atmospheric drag, atomic oxygen, and power generation in different ways, proposing increasingly sophisticated structural, aerodynamic, and propulsion solutions. The overall goal is to highlight how contemporary technology is gradually transforming VLEO from an extreme challenge into a tangible asset. An environment once considered inaccessible is now becoming the new operational space for compact, efficient, and sustainable satellites.
Le orbite terrestri molto basse (VLEO) rappresentano oggi una delle frontiere più stimolanti dell'ingegneria spaziale. Operare a quote comprese tra i 150 e i 400 km significa confrontarsi con un ambiente ricco di sfide, ma anche con opportunità uniche in termini di risoluzione, efficienza e sostenibilità. Questa tesi esplora in profondità il potenziale tecnico e scientifico delle missioni in VLEO, analizzando i principali ostacoli fisici e operativi e valutando soluzioni innovative sviluppate negli ultimi anni. Dopo una riflessione iniziale sulle motivazioni personali che hanno guidato la scelta del tema, viene presentata la missione GOCE dell’Agenzia Spaziale Europea come caso emblematico di successo in orbita bassa. Una simulazione realizzata tramite il software GMAT ricostruisce in parte le dinamiche operative di GOCE, evidenziando l’importanza del controllo dell’altitudine e del decadimento orbitale. Seguono le analisi di tre piattaforme emergenti: SkimSat, SabreSat e DiskSat. Ognuna di esse affronta in modo diverso le criticità legate alla resistenza atmosferica, all’ossigeno atomico e alla generazione di potenza, proponendo soluzioni strutturali, aerodinamiche e propulsive sempre più sofisticate. L’obiettivo generale è mettere in luce come la tecnologia contemporanea stia progressivamente trasformando le orbite VLEO da sfida estrema a risorsa concreta. Un ambiente una volta considerato inaccessibile sta diventando il nuovo spazio operativo per satelliti compatti, efficienti e sostenibili.
Implicazioni delle orbite VLEO nella ricerca e nelle missioni aerospaziali
SAVINO, RICCARDO
2024/2025
Abstract
Very Low Earth Orbits (VLEO) represent one of the most exciting frontiers in space engineering today. Operating at altitudes between 150 and 400 km means facing an environment full of challenges, but also one that offers unique opportunities in terms of resolution, efficiency, and sustainability. This thesis explores in depth the technical and scientific potential of VLEO missions, analyzing the main physical and operational obstacles and evaluating innovative solutions developed in recent years. Following an initial reflection on the personal motivations behind the choice of this topic, the European Space Agency’s GOCE mission is presented as an emblematic case of success in low orbit. A simulation carried out using the GMAT software partially reconstructs GOCE’s operational dynamics, highlighting the importance of altitude control and orbital decay. The analysis then focuses on three emerging platforms: SkimSat, SabreSat, and DiskSat. Each of these addresses the critical issues related to atmospheric drag, atomic oxygen, and power generation in different ways, proposing increasingly sophisticated structural, aerodynamic, and propulsion solutions. The overall goal is to highlight how contemporary technology is gradually transforming VLEO from an extreme challenge into a tangible asset. An environment once considered inaccessible is now becoming the new operational space for compact, efficient, and sustainable satellites.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/89952