In 1962, intellectual and Pci activist Rossana Rossanda was sent to Spain to gather support from those opposing the Franco regime for a conference on the country's struggle for freedom, to be held shortly thereafter in Italy. The clandestine journey, which took her through various locations and exposed her to a multitude of political realities and individuals, profoundly affected Rossanda's thinking: frustration at the disorientation and ambiguity of the opposition forces, and the first signs of a political shift coming from within the Spanish ruling class, sowed in Rossanda, for the first time, doubts about the communist frame of reference for interpreting Italian and global sociopolitical reality. But if the journey was in vain for her, were the efforts of those opposing the regime also in vain? This thesis seeks to compare the intellectual's pessimism with the most recent findings of Spanish historiography. The first part contextualizes the journey at the time, in relation to the history of the Pci, and outlines its stages, analyzing the theses Rossanda draws from her 1962 experience and the reassessments she offers in 1980, in light of events that had occurred in the interim, when she published the story in Il Manifesto. Next, the phase of Spanish history in question is framed from a political, economic, social, and cultural perspective. Finally, it examines various actors in the anti-Franco opposition who became active during the 1960s, whether they were the heirs of a history that predates the Civil War or new realities that developed within the profound changes the country was undergoing in those years. This thesis, starting from the study of Rossanda's account, through both Italian and Spanish bibliography regarding that historical moment for the Italian communists and Spain, and analyzing the production of Spanish historiography of the last thirty years, aims to offer an analysis of those phenomena that positively re-evaluates the role of the heterogeneous social opposition to the regime, interpreting it as a useful premise to subsequently favor the Spanish transition to democracy.
Nel 1962, l’intellettuale e militante del PCI Rossana Rossanda viene inviata in Spagna per raccogliere, dalle opposizioni al regime franchista, le adesioni per una conferenza sulla libertà del Paese che si terrà di lì a poco in Italia. Il viaggio clandestino, che la porta a percorrere varie tappe e a conoscere una molteplicità di realtà politiche e individui, segna profondamente il pensiero di Rossanda: la frustrazione per lo smarrimento e l’ambiguità delle forze di opposizione, e i primi segnali di un cambio di fase politico che vengono invece dall’interno della classe dirigente spagnola, seminano in Rossanda, per la prima volta, il dubbio nei confronti del sistema di riferimento comunista per leggere la realtà sociopolitica italiana e globale. Ma se il viaggio fu inutile per lei, lo furono veramente anche le opposizioni al regime? In questa tesi si cerca di mettere a confronto il pessimismo dell’intellettuale con i risultati più recenti della storiografia spagnola. Nella prima parte si contestualizza il viaggio nel momento in cui avviene, in relazione alla storia del Pci, e se ne espongono le tappe, analizzando le tesi che Rossanda trae dall’esperienza nel 1962 e le rivalutazioni che ne dà nel 1980, alla luce dei fatti intercorsi nel mentre, quando pubblica il racconto sul Manifesto. Successivamente, si inquadra la fase della storia spagnola in oggetto, dal punto di vista politico, economico, sociale e culturale. Infine, si prendono in esame vari attori dell’opposizione antifranchista che si attivano nel corso degli anni Sessanta, siano essi gli eredi di una storia che precede la Guerra civile o realtà nuove, sviluppatesi nel seno dei profondi cambiamenti che attraversa il Paese in quegli anni. Questa tesi, partendo dallo studio del racconto di Rossanda, attraverso la bibliografia sia italiana che spagnola riguardo a quel momento storico per i comunisti italiani e la Spagna, e analizzando la produzione della storiografia spagnola degli ultimi trent’anni, vuole offrire una disamina di quei fenomeni che rivaluti in positivo il ruolo dell’eterogenea opposizione sociale al regime, interpretandola come premessa utile a favorire, successivamente, la Transizione spagnola alla democrazia.
L’opposizione al franchismo negli anni Sessanta: la testimonianza di Rossana Rossanda alla prova della storia.
GAVAGNIN, MARCO
2024/2025
Abstract
In 1962, intellectual and Pci activist Rossana Rossanda was sent to Spain to gather support from those opposing the Franco regime for a conference on the country's struggle for freedom, to be held shortly thereafter in Italy. The clandestine journey, which took her through various locations and exposed her to a multitude of political realities and individuals, profoundly affected Rossanda's thinking: frustration at the disorientation and ambiguity of the opposition forces, and the first signs of a political shift coming from within the Spanish ruling class, sowed in Rossanda, for the first time, doubts about the communist frame of reference for interpreting Italian and global sociopolitical reality. But if the journey was in vain for her, were the efforts of those opposing the regime also in vain? This thesis seeks to compare the intellectual's pessimism with the most recent findings of Spanish historiography. The first part contextualizes the journey at the time, in relation to the history of the Pci, and outlines its stages, analyzing the theses Rossanda draws from her 1962 experience and the reassessments she offers in 1980, in light of events that had occurred in the interim, when she published the story in Il Manifesto. Next, the phase of Spanish history in question is framed from a political, economic, social, and cultural perspective. Finally, it examines various actors in the anti-Franco opposition who became active during the 1960s, whether they were the heirs of a history that predates the Civil War or new realities that developed within the profound changes the country was undergoing in those years. This thesis, starting from the study of Rossanda's account, through both Italian and Spanish bibliography regarding that historical moment for the Italian communists and Spain, and analyzing the production of Spanish historiography of the last thirty years, aims to offer an analysis of those phenomena that positively re-evaluates the role of the heterogeneous social opposition to the regime, interpreting it as a useful premise to subsequently favor the Spanish transition to democracy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/90662