Flavescence dorée (FD) is a disease of primary phytosanitary concern to European viticulture. It is caused by a phytoplasma belonging to the 16SrV group, Candidatus phytoplasma vitis, and is efficiently transmitted by the vector Scaphoideus titanus Ball, an American leafhopper accidentally introduced into Europe. The disease causes significant yield losses, but also a decline in both grape and wine quality. The epidemiology of FD is continuously evolving, with new evidence emerging on potential alternative vectors and spontaneous reservoirs of the phytoplasma. Moreover, the movement of the vector in Italy and across Europe is a growing concern. In this study, conducted in 13 vineyards in the Veneto region, the relationship between the disease incidence in the field and the presence of Scaphoideus titanus showing positivity to FDp was investigated to better understand the mechanisms underlying the epidemiology of this disease. The incidence of phytoplasma in S. titanus nymphs and their potential in infection were also investigated. The results showed a positive relationship between FD incidence in vineyards and the number of vectors infected by the phytoplasma. As the number of infected plants increases, there is a corresponding rise in the number of phytoplasma-positive vectors, leading to a higher risk of pathogen spread if vectors are not properly managed. Therefore, it is essential to act promptly during the early stages of the symptoms epidemic, when disease incidence is still limited, in order to prevent its rapid progression. In the summer of 2025, FD symptoms were noticed in a low number of cuttings involved in 2024 transmission trials. Third, fourth, and fifth nymphal instars (N3, N4 and N5) were positive to FDp with infection rates increasing with developmental stage. Further studies are needed to verify whether these infected nymphs are able to transmit the acquired phytoplasma to healthy plants. FD symptoms in cuttings subjected to 2024 transmission trials using N3-N5 were negligible. Only a suspected cutting was noticed in trials involving N4. Molecular analyses will be performed at the end of the growing season on ascertained and suspected cases.
La Flavescenza dorata (FD) è una fitoplasmosi di primaria rilevanza fitosanitaria per la viticoltura europea. È provocata da un fitoplasma appartenente al gruppo 16SrV, Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis, trasmesso dal vettore Scaphoideus titanus Ball, una cicalina di origine americana introdotta accidentalmente in Europa. La fitoplasmosi provoca ingenti danni quantitativi e qualitativi caratterizzati da un peggioramento della qualità delle uve e del vino. L’epidemiologia della FD è oggetto di continue indagini che mostrano nuove evidenze riguardo a potenziali vettori alternativi e piante ospiti del fitoplasma. Inoltre, l’espansione del vettore in Italia e in Europa è motivo di crescente preoccupazione. Nel presente studio, condotto in 13 vigneti del Veneto, sono state indagate le relazioni tra l’incidenza della malattia in vigneto e la presenza di Scaphoideus titanus infetti per una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi insiti nell’epidemiologia della malattia. È stata inoltre indagata l’incidenza del fitoplasma nelle ninfe di S. titanus e la loro potenziale infettività per aumentare le conoscenze su questi aspetti sinora poco indagati. I risultati hanno evidenziato una relazione positiva tra l’incidenza della malattia in vigneto e la percentuale di vettori infetti dal fitoplasma. All’aumentare del numero di piante infette è corrisposto un aumento del numero di vettori positivi al fitoplasma e tale fenomeno suggerisce un maggior rischio di diffusione del patogeno nei casi in cui i vettori non sono adeguatamente controllati. Risulta fondamentale agire tempestivamente nelle prime fasi dell’epidemia, quando l’incidenza della malattia è contenuta, al fine di prevenirne la rapida evoluzione. Nell'estate del 2025, i sintomi della FD si sono evidenziati in un numero limitato di barbatelle coinvolte nelle prove di trasmissione del 2024. Un certo numero di ninfe di terza (N3), quarta (N4) e quinta età (N5) è risultato positivo al fitoplasma e l’incidenza di questo fenomeno è aumentata con l’età. Ad oggi, l’infettività delle forme giovanili è nota solo per le N5. Le indagini sul potenziale di infettività delle forme giovanili (N3-N5) non hanno apportato novità in tal senso. Per ora i segnali della trasmissione del fitoplasma nell’anno successivo all’inoculo sono apparsi trascurabili ma le osservazioni proseguiranno fino al termine della stagione vegetativa. È stato evidenziato un caso sospetto di barbatelle sintomatiche in cui sono implicate le N4 che sarà oggetto di analisi molecolari.
Incidenza del fitoplasma FDp in diversi stadi di sviluppo di Scaphoideus titanus
BATTISTELLO, SONIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Flavescence dorée (FD) is a disease of primary phytosanitary concern to European viticulture. It is caused by a phytoplasma belonging to the 16SrV group, Candidatus phytoplasma vitis, and is efficiently transmitted by the vector Scaphoideus titanus Ball, an American leafhopper accidentally introduced into Europe. The disease causes significant yield losses, but also a decline in both grape and wine quality. The epidemiology of FD is continuously evolving, with new evidence emerging on potential alternative vectors and spontaneous reservoirs of the phytoplasma. Moreover, the movement of the vector in Italy and across Europe is a growing concern. In this study, conducted in 13 vineyards in the Veneto region, the relationship between the disease incidence in the field and the presence of Scaphoideus titanus showing positivity to FDp was investigated to better understand the mechanisms underlying the epidemiology of this disease. The incidence of phytoplasma in S. titanus nymphs and their potential in infection were also investigated. The results showed a positive relationship between FD incidence in vineyards and the number of vectors infected by the phytoplasma. As the number of infected plants increases, there is a corresponding rise in the number of phytoplasma-positive vectors, leading to a higher risk of pathogen spread if vectors are not properly managed. Therefore, it is essential to act promptly during the early stages of the symptoms epidemic, when disease incidence is still limited, in order to prevent its rapid progression. In the summer of 2025, FD symptoms were noticed in a low number of cuttings involved in 2024 transmission trials. Third, fourth, and fifth nymphal instars (N3, N4 and N5) were positive to FDp with infection rates increasing with developmental stage. Further studies are needed to verify whether these infected nymphs are able to transmit the acquired phytoplasma to healthy plants. FD symptoms in cuttings subjected to 2024 transmission trials using N3-N5 were negligible. Only a suspected cutting was noticed in trials involving N4. Molecular analyses will be performed at the end of the growing season on ascertained and suspected cases.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/91296