Rabies is a highly lethal viral disease that can affect all mammals, caused by virus of the genus Lyssavirus. To date, in addition to Rabies lyssavirus (RABV), which is globally distributed, 17 other lyssaviruses have been identified, 15 of which use bats as their reservoirs. Sporadic cases of spillover of these viruses into wildlife, domestic animals, and humans have been reported worldwide. In 2020, in Arezzo (Italy), a domestic cat died after developing neurological symptoms compatible with rabies. Laboratory analyses confirmed the presence of West caucasian bat lyssavirus (WCBV), a virus previously isolated only once, in Russia, from a common bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii). This thesis, in collaboration with the CONNETTI-CAT project of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, investigated the potential exposure of domestic cats to bat-associated viruses, with a primary focus on lyssaviruses. The study involved the serological analysis of 121 cat sera collected at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Padova (Legnaro). Analyses included an innovative screening method based on nucleoprotein binding (LIPS), and a confirmatory test based on viral neutralization (RFFIT), performed only on LIPS-positive samples using three lyssaviruses circulating among European bats: European bat 1 lyssavirus, European bat 2 lyssavirus, and West caucasian bat lyssavirus. A total of 32 LIPS-positive results were obtained, revealing low specificity of this assay in cats and thus limiting its applicability in surveillance. Three out of 32 samples tested by RFFIT showed weak positivity to WCBV. Of these, contact with the reservoir host Miniopterus schreibersii was considered plausible in one case, while the other two were likely false positives. In parallel, the study included an ecological investigation to characterize potential cat–bat interfaces. This was carried out through questionnaires administered to cat owners enrolled in the study and by installing camera traps in common bent-wing bats colonies. Overall, the study identified risk factors for bat interactions in more than half of the cats. Moreover, it confirmed that although cats may enter urban roosts of common bent-wing bats, they rarely reach the deeper areas where bats are typically located, in contrast with what has been observed for wild carnivores. In conclusion, the study highlights that cats, with their predatory tendencies, may come into contact with bats and thus be exposed to potential viral spillover, including lyssaviruses. However, quantifying such exposure remains challenging given the limitations of current diagnostic tools and the difficulties in validating innovative methods in the absence of standardized controls and gold standards. Nevertheless, continued efforts are essential to define effective measures for the prevention, diagnosis, and control of lyssavirus infections in cats.
La rabbia è una malattia virale con elevata letalità, che può colpire tutti i mammiferi, e i cui agenti eziologici sono i Lyssavirus. Ad oggi sono stati identificati, oltre a Rabies lyssavirus (RABV) che è diffuso in tutto il mondo, 17 Lyssavirus, di cui 15 vedono come reservoir diverse specie di chirotteri. Nel mondo sono riportati alcuni casi di spillover di questi virus in animali selvatici, domestici e nell’uomo. Nel 2020, ad Arezzo, un gatto di proprietà è deceduto in seguito a sintomatologia neurologica compatibile con la rabbia. Dalle analisi eseguite è stata rilevata la presenza di West caucasian bat lyssavirus (WCBV), un virus isolato solo una volta prima d’allora in Russia in un chirottero, il miniottero comune (Miniopterus schreibersii). Questa tesi si è occupata, in collaborazione con il progetto CONNETTI-CAT dell’Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, di indagare la possibile esposizione dei gatti di proprietà a virus di chirottero, con principale focus sui Lyssavirus. Lo studio ha previsto l’analisi sierologica di 121 sieri di gatti visitati presso l’Ospedale Veterinario Universitario Didattico di Legnaro. Le analisi hanno incluso una metodica di screening innovativa basata sul binding della nucleoproteina (LIPS), e un test di conferma basato sulla neutralizzazione virale (RFFIT), effettuato sui soli campioni LIPS positivi utilizzando tre virus diffusi tra i chirotteri europei, European bat 1 lyssavirus, European bat 2 lyssavirus e West caucasian bat lyssavirus. Sono state rilevate 32 positività al saggio LIPS, mostrandone una scarsa specificità nel gatto e limitandone quindi l’applicabilità in sorveglianza. Tre su 32 campioni testati con RFFIT sono risultati debolmente positivi a WCBV. Tra questi, il contatto con il serbatoio Miniopterus schreibersii è stato considerato plausibile in uno, mentre gli altri casi sono probabilmente da attribuirsi a falsi positivi. In parallelo, lo studio ha previsto un’indagine ecologica per caratterizzare la possibile interfaccia tra gatti e chirotteri, tramite un questionario somministrato ai proprietari dei gatti coinvolti nello studio e tramite il posizionamento di fototrappole in colonie di Miniopterus schreibersii. Nel complesso, lo studio ha permesso di identificare fattori di rischio per interazione con chirotteri in più della metà dei gatti e di confermare come, sebbene i gatti possano entrare in eventuali rifugi urbani di M. schreibersii, raramente si spingono in profondità dove tendono a localizzarsi gli animali, a differenza di quanto identificato invece per carnivori selvatici. In conclusione, lo studio mostra come i gatti, con la loro indole predatoria, possono entrare in contatto con pipistrelli, ed essere quindi esposti ad un eventuale spillover di virus, inclusi i Lyssavirus. Quantificare l’esposizione a questi virus, tuttavia, rimane una sfida utilizzando le metodiche attualmente disponibili e considerando le difficoltà di validazione di metodiche innovative in assenza di controlli e gold-standard. È fondamentale, tuttavia, continuare a lavorare per definire misure di prevenzione, diagnosi e controllo delle lyssavirosi nel gatto.
Valutazione dell’esposizione dei gatti di proprietà ai Lyssavirus dei pipistrelli
PARONITTI, ANGELA
2024/2025
Abstract
Rabies is a highly lethal viral disease that can affect all mammals, caused by virus of the genus Lyssavirus. To date, in addition to Rabies lyssavirus (RABV), which is globally distributed, 17 other lyssaviruses have been identified, 15 of which use bats as their reservoirs. Sporadic cases of spillover of these viruses into wildlife, domestic animals, and humans have been reported worldwide. In 2020, in Arezzo (Italy), a domestic cat died after developing neurological symptoms compatible with rabies. Laboratory analyses confirmed the presence of West caucasian bat lyssavirus (WCBV), a virus previously isolated only once, in Russia, from a common bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii). This thesis, in collaboration with the CONNETTI-CAT project of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, investigated the potential exposure of domestic cats to bat-associated viruses, with a primary focus on lyssaviruses. The study involved the serological analysis of 121 cat sera collected at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Padova (Legnaro). Analyses included an innovative screening method based on nucleoprotein binding (LIPS), and a confirmatory test based on viral neutralization (RFFIT), performed only on LIPS-positive samples using three lyssaviruses circulating among European bats: European bat 1 lyssavirus, European bat 2 lyssavirus, and West caucasian bat lyssavirus. A total of 32 LIPS-positive results were obtained, revealing low specificity of this assay in cats and thus limiting its applicability in surveillance. Three out of 32 samples tested by RFFIT showed weak positivity to WCBV. Of these, contact with the reservoir host Miniopterus schreibersii was considered plausible in one case, while the other two were likely false positives. In parallel, the study included an ecological investigation to characterize potential cat–bat interfaces. This was carried out through questionnaires administered to cat owners enrolled in the study and by installing camera traps in common bent-wing bats colonies. Overall, the study identified risk factors for bat interactions in more than half of the cats. Moreover, it confirmed that although cats may enter urban roosts of common bent-wing bats, they rarely reach the deeper areas where bats are typically located, in contrast with what has been observed for wild carnivores. In conclusion, the study highlights that cats, with their predatory tendencies, may come into contact with bats and thus be exposed to potential viral spillover, including lyssaviruses. However, quantifying such exposure remains challenging given the limitations of current diagnostic tools and the difficulties in validating innovative methods in the absence of standardized controls and gold standards. Nevertheless, continued efforts are essential to define effective measures for the prevention, diagnosis, and control of lyssavirus infections in cats.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/91598