Coastal dunes play a crucial ecological role for both nature and humans, yet their resilience is increasingly threatened by climate change and coastal urbanization. Therefore, it is vital to understand the functioning of such coastal ecosystems in order to ensure their long-term conservation. In particular, a deeper understanding of biotic factors – such as vegetation cover and plant functional traits – is key to discerning sediment stabilization. Actually, despite the high biodiversity of these vegetation communities, most studies focus only on a few dominant species (e.g., Calamagrostis arenaria), as they are considered the primary dune builder species. Thus, this study considers the entire vegetation community, analyzing whether the plant biodiversity itself plays a significant role in shaping coastal foredune geomorphodynamics. Fieldwork was carried out at two different sites (Ca’ Roman, Venice Lagoon and Lecciona, Tuscany) in order to assess linear mixed-effects models consistency across different ecological contexts. Pioneer-only models frequently performed best, confirming the central role of dune builders in sand capture and foredune initiation. However, models including the entire community improved the explanation of the effect of vegetation cover and canopy area on dune height – especially at Ca’ Roman – showing that non-pioneer species can contribute to stabilization even in early successional context. In contrast, at Lecciona, the dominance of a single pioneer (Thinopyrum junceum) limited community-level variability across topographic zones; consequently, despite the higher overall biodiversity, pioneer-only models performed comparatively better. Trait effects were strongly modulated by season and topographic zone, indicating context-dependent plant-sediment feedback. Overall, our results show that pioneers are reliable, rapid proxies for short-term wind erosion control, but their predictive power is not universal: in heterogeneous communities, functional traits of non-pioneers provide better explanation of coastal foredune geomorphodynamics.
Le dune costiere svolgono un ruolo ecologico cruciale sia per la natura che per l’uomo, ma la loro resilienza è sempre più minacciata dai cambiamenti climatici e dall’urbanizzazione litoranea. Risulta quindi vitale comprendere il funzionamento di questi ecosistemi per garantirne la conservazione a lungo termine. In particolare, una comprensione più approfondita dei fattori biotici – come la copertura vegetale e i tratti funzionali delle piante – è fondamentale per interpretare la stabilizzazione dei sedimenti. Nonostante l’elevata biodiversità di queste comunità vegetali dunali, la maggior parte degli studi si focalizza su poche specie dominanti (ad es., Calamagrostis arenaria), considerate le principali specie costruttrici di dune. Pertanto, questo studio prende in esame l’intera comunità vegetale, analizzando se la biodiversità in sé svolga un ruolo significativo nel modellare la geomorfodinamica delle dune costiere frontali. Il lavoro è stato condotto in due diversi siti (Ca’ Roman, Laguna di Venezia; Lecciona, Toscana) per valutare la coerenza di modelli lineari a effetti misti in differenti contesti ecologici. I modelli basati esclusivamente sulle specie pioniere sono risultati più performanti, confermando il ruolo centrale di queste specie nella cattura della sabbia e nell’innesco delle dune frontali. Tuttavia, i modelli che includono l’intera comunità hanno spiegato meglio l‘effetto di copertura vegetale e biomassa aerea sull’altezza dunale – soprattutto a Ca’ Roman – indicando che le specie non pioniere possono contribuire alla stabilizzazione anche nei primi livelli di successione ecologica. Al contrario, a Lecciona la dominanza di un’unica specie pioniera (Thinopyrum junceum) ha limitato la variabilità a livello di comunità tra le diverse zone topografiche; di conseguenza, nonostante la maggiore biodiversità complessiva, i modelli basati solo sulle specie pioniere sono risultati migliori. In generale, gli effetti dei tratti sono stati fortemente modulati dalla stagione e dalla zona topografica, sottolineando come le interazioni pianta–sedimento siano dipendenti dal contesto. Nel complesso, le specie pioniere rappresentano indicatori affidabili e rapidi per il controllo a breve termine dell’erosione eolica, ma il loro potere predittivo non è universale: in comunità più eterogenee, i tratti funzionali delle specie non pioniere spiegano meglio la geomorfodinamica delle dune costiere frontali.
Investigation of plant traits diversity and their role in sand dune ecosystem
BELTRAME, LAURA
2024/2025
Abstract
Coastal dunes play a crucial ecological role for both nature and humans, yet their resilience is increasingly threatened by climate change and coastal urbanization. Therefore, it is vital to understand the functioning of such coastal ecosystems in order to ensure their long-term conservation. In particular, a deeper understanding of biotic factors – such as vegetation cover and plant functional traits – is key to discerning sediment stabilization. Actually, despite the high biodiversity of these vegetation communities, most studies focus only on a few dominant species (e.g., Calamagrostis arenaria), as they are considered the primary dune builder species. Thus, this study considers the entire vegetation community, analyzing whether the plant biodiversity itself plays a significant role in shaping coastal foredune geomorphodynamics. Fieldwork was carried out at two different sites (Ca’ Roman, Venice Lagoon and Lecciona, Tuscany) in order to assess linear mixed-effects models consistency across different ecological contexts. Pioneer-only models frequently performed best, confirming the central role of dune builders in sand capture and foredune initiation. However, models including the entire community improved the explanation of the effect of vegetation cover and canopy area on dune height – especially at Ca’ Roman – showing that non-pioneer species can contribute to stabilization even in early successional context. In contrast, at Lecciona, the dominance of a single pioneer (Thinopyrum junceum) limited community-level variability across topographic zones; consequently, despite the higher overall biodiversity, pioneer-only models performed comparatively better. Trait effects were strongly modulated by season and topographic zone, indicating context-dependent plant-sediment feedback. Overall, our results show that pioneers are reliable, rapid proxies for short-term wind erosion control, but their predictive power is not universal: in heterogeneous communities, functional traits of non-pioneers provide better explanation of coastal foredune geomorphodynamics.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/91993