Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, poses a significant threat to global public health. Despite current adherence to specific therapeutic regimens, which involve the administration of first-line drugs, valid pathways to recovery have been established. However, the progressive spread of drug-resistant strains has necessitated the prescription of second-line drugs, including para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS). Although PAS is a widely used anti-TB drug, the emergence of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) strains has prompted researchers to investigate the mechanisms of drug resistance. To date, however, the origins of this resistance remain largely unclear. This thesis analyzes data obtained from the present study, which aimed to bridge this knowledge gap. To achieve this, 90 PAS-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra mutants were isolated in 7H11 medium. Whole-genome sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, β-galactosidase assays, and gene overexpression experiments were performed to elucidate the origin of the PAS resistance mechanism. The results showed that 47 of the 90 PAS-resistant mutants exhibited nine different mutations in the intergenic region between the metM (Rv3253c) gene and the Rv3254 gene. Tests demonstrated that these mutations exclusively influence the promoter activity for the metM gene, leading to an increase in protein production. Overexpression of this protein after PAS treatment causes the accumulation of intracellular methionine, which in turn counteracts the drug's action. Additionally, genome sequencing of clinical PAS-resistant strains revealed 12 mutations in the metM gene's promoter region. Finally, this study, through trial and error, highlighted the importance of selecting the correct culture medium. In this specific case, it was observed that using standard 7H10 or 7H9 medium for PAS susceptibility testing can produce misleading results due to their lack of methionine.
La tubercolosi (TB), malattia causata dall’infezione da Mycobacterium tubercolosis, rappresenta una considerevole minaccia per la salute pubblica globale. Nonostante l’attuale adempimento a regimi terapeutici specifici, che consistono nella somministrazione di farmaci di prima linea, abbia garantito valide vie di guarigione, la progressiva diffusione di ceppi farmaco-resistenti ha richiesto la prescrizione di farmaci di seconda linea, tra cui l’acido- paraminosalicidico. Sebbene il PAS sia un farmaco anti-TB ampiamente impiegato, la diffusione di ceppi XDR-TB (Extensively Drug Resistant TB) ha indotto i ricercatori a indagare i meccanismi di resistenza al farmaco. Tuttavia, ad oggi, le origini rimangono in gran parte poco chiare. In questo lavoro di tesi, verranno analizzati i dati ottenuti dal presente studio il cui obiettivo è stato quello di colmare questa lacuna di conoscenza. A tal proposito, sono stati isolati 90 mutanti di Mycobacterium tubercolosis H37Ra resistenti al PAS in terreno 7H11 ed è stato eseguito l’intero sequenziamento del genoma, PCR quantitative in tempo reale, saggi di B-galattosidasi ed esperimenti di sovraespressione genica al fine di chiarire l’origine del meccanismo di resistenza al PAS. È emerso dai risultati che 47 dei 90 mutanti resistenti al PAS presentavano nove mutazioni differenti a livello della regione intergenica tra il gene metM (Rv3253c) e il gene Rv3254. I test hanno dimostrato come queste mutazioni siano in grado di influenzare solo ed esclusivamente l’attività del promotore per il gene metM, inducendo un incremento nella produzione della proteina. La sua sovraespressione, in seguito a trattamento con PAS, determina l’accumulo di metionina intracellulare che a sua volta contrasta l’azione del farmaco. Inoltre, il sequenziamento del genoma di ceppi clinici resistenti al PAS ha rivelato 12 mutazioni nella regione promotrice del gene metM. Infine, il seguente studio, per tentativi ed errori, ha dimostrato l’importanza nella scelta del corretto mezzo di coltura. In questo caso specifico, è stato osservato che l’utilizzo del terreno standard 7H10 o 7H9 per lo svolgimento dei test di suscettibilità al PAS, in quanto mancante di metionina, può produrre dei risultati devianti.
Mutazioni nella regione del promotore del gene trasportatore della metionina metM (Rv3253c) conferiscono resistenza all'acido para-aminosalicilico (PAS) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
POLETTI, FEDERICA
2024/2025
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, poses a significant threat to global public health. Despite current adherence to specific therapeutic regimens, which involve the administration of first-line drugs, valid pathways to recovery have been established. However, the progressive spread of drug-resistant strains has necessitated the prescription of second-line drugs, including para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS). Although PAS is a widely used anti-TB drug, the emergence of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) strains has prompted researchers to investigate the mechanisms of drug resistance. To date, however, the origins of this resistance remain largely unclear. This thesis analyzes data obtained from the present study, which aimed to bridge this knowledge gap. To achieve this, 90 PAS-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra mutants were isolated in 7H11 medium. Whole-genome sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, β-galactosidase assays, and gene overexpression experiments were performed to elucidate the origin of the PAS resistance mechanism. The results showed that 47 of the 90 PAS-resistant mutants exhibited nine different mutations in the intergenic region between the metM (Rv3253c) gene and the Rv3254 gene. Tests demonstrated that these mutations exclusively influence the promoter activity for the metM gene, leading to an increase in protein production. Overexpression of this protein after PAS treatment causes the accumulation of intracellular methionine, which in turn counteracts the drug's action. Additionally, genome sequencing of clinical PAS-resistant strains revealed 12 mutations in the metM gene's promoter region. Finally, this study, through trial and error, highlighted the importance of selecting the correct culture medium. In this specific case, it was observed that using standard 7H10 or 7H9 medium for PAS susceptibility testing can produce misleading results due to their lack of methionine.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/92031