The contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins produced by fungi of the genus Penicillium, Fusarium, and Aspergillus has been extensively studied and documented in scientific literature. It is well known that dietary exposure to these compounds can cause acute and chronic toxicity in both animals and humans. Less considered, however, are mycotoxins produced by the genus Alternaria, currently classified as “emerging.” Although their concentration in food is generally low, the fungus's ability to adapt to critical environmental conditions makes contamination frequent, and its known cytotoxic and mutagenic effects represent a significant risk to human and animal health. However, the secondary metabolites produced by Alternaria are still poorly characterized, and data on cytotoxic and genotoxic effects are not yet sufficient for global regulation by EFSA. This thesis aims to investigate the toxicity mechanisms of the most common Alternaria mycotoxins, such as tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethylether (AME), altenuene (ALT), alterperylenol (ALTP), and altertoxin I (ATX-I) through in vitro studies conducted on individual molecules or mixtures. The aim of the study is to evaluate the mechanisms of action of these toxins on human gastric epithelial cells and to verify their ability to induce immunosuppressive and antiestrogenic effects.
La contaminazione di alimenti e mangimi da parte di micotossine prodotte da funghi del genere Penicillium, Fusarium e Aspergillus è ampiamente studiato e documentato in letteratura scientifica. È infatti noto che l’esposizione attraverso la dieta a tali composti può dare adito a tossicità acuta e cronica sia negli animali che negli esseri umani. Meno considerate, invece, sono le micotossine prodotte dal genere Alternaria, ad oggi classificate come “emergenti”. Sebbene la loro concentrazione negli alimenti sia generalmente bassa, la capacità del fungo di adattarsi a condizioni ambientali critiche rende la contaminazione frequente e gli effetti citotossici e mutageni, già noti, rappresentano un rischio significativo per la salute umana e animale. Tuttavia, i metaboliti secondari prodotti da Alternaria sono ancora poco caratterizzati e i dati relativi agli effetti citotossici e genotossici non sono ancora sufficienti per una regolamentazione globale da parte dell’EFSA. Questa tesi si propone di approfondire i meccanismi di tossicità delle micotossine di Alternaria più comuni, quali l’acido tenuazonico (TeA), l’alternariolo (AOH), l’alternariolo monometiletere (AME), l’altenuene (ALT), l’alterperilenolo (ALTP) e l’altertossina I (ATX-I) attraverso studi in vitro condotti sulle singole molecole o in miscele. L’obiettivo dello studio è valutare i meccanismi d’azione di queste tossine su cellule epiteliali gastriche umane e verificare la loro capacità di indurre effetti immunosoppressivi e antiestrogenici.
Approcci in vitro per lo studio dei meccanismi di tossicità di micotossine emergenti
DI TONDO, VALERIA
2024/2025
Abstract
The contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins produced by fungi of the genus Penicillium, Fusarium, and Aspergillus has been extensively studied and documented in scientific literature. It is well known that dietary exposure to these compounds can cause acute and chronic toxicity in both animals and humans. Less considered, however, are mycotoxins produced by the genus Alternaria, currently classified as “emerging.” Although their concentration in food is generally low, the fungus's ability to adapt to critical environmental conditions makes contamination frequent, and its known cytotoxic and mutagenic effects represent a significant risk to human and animal health. However, the secondary metabolites produced by Alternaria are still poorly characterized, and data on cytotoxic and genotoxic effects are not yet sufficient for global regulation by EFSA. This thesis aims to investigate the toxicity mechanisms of the most common Alternaria mycotoxins, such as tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethylether (AME), altenuene (ALT), alterperylenol (ALTP), and altertoxin I (ATX-I) through in vitro studies conducted on individual molecules or mixtures. The aim of the study is to evaluate the mechanisms of action of these toxins on human gastric epithelial cells and to verify their ability to induce immunosuppressive and antiestrogenic effects.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/92085