Background: Approximately 5–10% of breast cancers are linked to hereditary factors, and about one-third of these are associated with germline BRCA1/2 gene mutations. Recent evidence suggests a reduced responsiveness to endocrine therapies and CDK4/6 inhibitors in the context of HR+/HER2- breast cancer with BRCA1/2 mutations. It is unclear if the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying HR+/HER2- breast cancer with BRCA1/2 mutation carriers influence the biological characteristics of these tumours compared with sporadic cases. The study aimed is to evaluate expression profiling of HR+/HER2- breast cancers with germline BRCA1/2 mutations and to compare them with sporadic HR+/HER2- breast cancers. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 68 patients with non-metastatic HR+/HER2- breast cancer (stage I–III) treated at the Veneto Institute of Oncology between 2002 and 2024. Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years, stage I-III at first breast cancer diagnosis, availability of FFPE tumour tissue and for the BRCA-mutated cohort, presence of a known germline BRCA1/2 mutation. Patients without known germline BRCA1/2 mutations were matched for age and histologic grade with patients in the BRCA-mutated cohort. FFPE tumour samples were assessed for quality and cellularity, RNA was extracted and evaluated using the Breast Cancer 360 panel on a nCounter platform. Distribution of PAM50 molecular subtypes, PAM50 gene signatures, and single-gene expression was compared between the two groups. Results: The study included 68 patients, 34 with germline BRCA1/2 mutations (6 BRCA1, 28 BRCA2) and 34 without known mutations, matched for age and histologic grade. While ER expression and Ki67 expression was similar in the two cohorts (p=0.488 and p=0.526, respectively), PgR expression was significantly lower in BRCA-mutated tumours (median 68% vs 85%, p=0.007). BRCA-mutated patients more frequently presented with stage I disease (44% vs 6%, p<0.001). PAM50 intrinsic subtype analysis revealed a n higher rate of Basal-like tumours (32.4% vs 17.6%) and lower rate of Luminal-A tumours (32.4% vs 41.2%) in tumours diagnosed in BRCA-mutation carriers as compared to sporadic, although the difference was not statistically significant. Analysis of continuous PAM50 gene signatures showed significantly higher expression of Basal-like (p<0.001) and HER2-enriched (p=0.019) 2 signatures, and lower Luminal-B expression (p=0.031) in tumours diagnosed in BRCA- mutation carriers as compared to sporadic tumours, while expression Luminal-A and Normal-like signatures was similar between groups. Single gene expression analysis identified 57 genes significantly underexpressed and 380 genes significantly overexpressed in tumours diagnosed in BRCA-mutation carriers as compared to sporadic tumours. Underexpressed genes included PGR and RB1, while overexpressed genes included genes reported to be associated resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors (e.g. CCNE1, AURKA, and MYC) and several immune-related genes, including CD274 (PD-L1) and PDCD1 (PD-1). Additionally, 11 out of 18 genes included in the Tumor Inflammation Signature were significantly more expressed in tumours diagnosed in BRCA-mutation carriers as compared to tumours diagnosed in patients not known to be BRCA-mutation carriers. Conclusions: In this observational study HR+/HER2- breast cancers arising in BRCA- mutation carriers showed lower PgR expression, enrichment in non-luminal aggressive intrinsic subtypes, and higher expression in genes associated with resistance to CdK4/6 inhibitors and in immune-related genes compared to sporadic tumours. If confirmed in larger cohorts, these data suggest that HR+/HER2- breast cancers arising in BRCA- mutation carriers may require tailored therapeutic strategies.
Razionale: Circa il 5-10% dei carcinomi mammari è legato a fattori ereditari e un terzo di questi è associato a mutazioni germinali dei geni BRCA1/2. Dati recenti suggeriscono una ridotta risposta alle terapie endocrine e ai CDK4/6 inibitori nel contesto del carcinoma mammario HR+/HER2- con mutazione BRCA1/2. Non è chiaro se i meccanismi patogenetici alla base dei tumori HR+/HER2- con mutazioni BRCA1/2 influenzino le caratteristiche biologiche di queste neoplasie rispetto ai casi sporadici. L’obiettivo di questo studio è di valutare i profili di espressione genica dei carcinomi mammari HR+/HER2- insorti in mutazioni germinali di BRCA1/ 2 e confrontarle con carcinomi mammari HR+/HER2- sporadici. Materiali e metodi: Questo studio retrospettivo ha incluso 68 pazienti con carcinoma mammario HR+/HER2- non metastatico (stadio I-III), trattati presso IOV tra il 2002 e il 2024. I criteri di inclusione erano età ≥18 anni, disponibilità di tessuto tumorale FFPE e per il gruppo con mutazione BRCA la presenza di una nota mutazione germinale di BRCA1/2; i pazienti senza mutazioni germinali note sono stati appaiati a quelli della coorte BRCA-mutata per età e grado istologico. I campioni tumorali FFPE sono stati valutati per qualità e cellularità, l’RNA è stato estratto e analizzato mediante pannello Breast Cancer 360 su piattaforma nCounter. La distribuzione dei sottotipi molecolari intrinseci secondo PAM50, delle signature geniche e dell’espressione di singoli geni è stata confrontata tra i due gruppi. Risultati: Lo studio ha incluso 68 pazienti, 34 con mutazioni germinali BRCA1/2 (6 BRCA1, 28 BRCA2) e 34 senza mutazioni note, abbinati per età e grado istologico. Sebbene l’espressione di ER e Ki67 fosse simile nei due gruppi (p=0,488 e p=0,526), l’espressione di PgR è risultata significativamente inferiore nei tumori BRCA-mutati (mediana 68% vs 85%, p=0,007). Le pazienti BRCA-mutate presentavano più frequentemente una malattia in stadio I (44% vs 6%, p<0,001). L’analisi dei sottotipi intrinseci PAM50 ha rivelato una maggiore frequenza di neoplasie Basal-like (32,4% vs 17,6%) e una frequenza minore di neoplasie Luminal-A (32,4% vs 41,2%) tra i portatori di mutazione BRCA rispetto ai tumori sporadici, sebbene la differenza non fosse statisticamente significativa. L’analisi delle signature genomiche PAM50 come valore continuo ha mostrato tuttavia un’espressione significativamente più elevata delle signature Basal-like (p<0,001) e HER2-enriched (p=0,019) e più bassa della signature Luminal B (p=0,031) nelle neoplasie diagnosticate in portatori di mutazione 4 BRCA rispetto ai tumori sporadici, mentre l’espressione delle signature Luminal A e Normal-like risultava simile tra i gruppi. Sono stati inoltre identificati 57 geni significativamente sottoespressi e 380 geni significativamente sovraespressi nelle neoplasie diagnosticate in portatori di mutazione BRCA rispetto ai tumori sporadici. Tra i geni sotto-espressi vi sono PGR e RB1, mentre tra i geni sovra-espressi vi sono geni associati in letteratura a resistenza agli inibitori di CDK4/6, come CCNE1, AURKA e MYC e numerosi geni immuni, quali CD274 (PD-L1) e PDCD1 (PD-1). Inoltre, 11 dei 18 geni della Tumor Inflammation Signature sono risultati significativamente più espressi nelle neoplasie diagnosticate in portatori di mutazione BRCA rispetto a quelle sporadiche. Conclusioni: In questo studio abbiamo osservato come i carcinomi mammari HR+/HER2- insorti nel contesto di mutazioni BRCA presentino una minore espressione di PgR, un arricchimento di sottotipi intrinseci aggressivi non-luminali e maggiore espressione di geni associati a resistenza agli inibitori di CDK4/6 e di geni immuno-relati rispetto ai tumori sporadici. Se confermati in coorti più ampie, questi dati suggeriscono che i carcinomi HR+/HER2- insorti in portatori di mutazione BRCA possano richiedere strategie terapeutiche personalizzate.
Analisi dell’espressione genica di carcinomi mammari recettori ormonali positivi HER2-negativi insorti nel contesto di mutazioni germinali di BRCA1 e BRCA2
ACERBI, CHIARA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Approximately 5–10% of breast cancers are linked to hereditary factors, and about one-third of these are associated with germline BRCA1/2 gene mutations. Recent evidence suggests a reduced responsiveness to endocrine therapies and CDK4/6 inhibitors in the context of HR+/HER2- breast cancer with BRCA1/2 mutations. It is unclear if the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying HR+/HER2- breast cancer with BRCA1/2 mutation carriers influence the biological characteristics of these tumours compared with sporadic cases. The study aimed is to evaluate expression profiling of HR+/HER2- breast cancers with germline BRCA1/2 mutations and to compare them with sporadic HR+/HER2- breast cancers. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 68 patients with non-metastatic HR+/HER2- breast cancer (stage I–III) treated at the Veneto Institute of Oncology between 2002 and 2024. Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years, stage I-III at first breast cancer diagnosis, availability of FFPE tumour tissue and for the BRCA-mutated cohort, presence of a known germline BRCA1/2 mutation. Patients without known germline BRCA1/2 mutations were matched for age and histologic grade with patients in the BRCA-mutated cohort. FFPE tumour samples were assessed for quality and cellularity, RNA was extracted and evaluated using the Breast Cancer 360 panel on a nCounter platform. Distribution of PAM50 molecular subtypes, PAM50 gene signatures, and single-gene expression was compared between the two groups. Results: The study included 68 patients, 34 with germline BRCA1/2 mutations (6 BRCA1, 28 BRCA2) and 34 without known mutations, matched for age and histologic grade. While ER expression and Ki67 expression was similar in the two cohorts (p=0.488 and p=0.526, respectively), PgR expression was significantly lower in BRCA-mutated tumours (median 68% vs 85%, p=0.007). BRCA-mutated patients more frequently presented with stage I disease (44% vs 6%, p<0.001). PAM50 intrinsic subtype analysis revealed a n higher rate of Basal-like tumours (32.4% vs 17.6%) and lower rate of Luminal-A tumours (32.4% vs 41.2%) in tumours diagnosed in BRCA-mutation carriers as compared to sporadic, although the difference was not statistically significant. Analysis of continuous PAM50 gene signatures showed significantly higher expression of Basal-like (p<0.001) and HER2-enriched (p=0.019) 2 signatures, and lower Luminal-B expression (p=0.031) in tumours diagnosed in BRCA- mutation carriers as compared to sporadic tumours, while expression Luminal-A and Normal-like signatures was similar between groups. Single gene expression analysis identified 57 genes significantly underexpressed and 380 genes significantly overexpressed in tumours diagnosed in BRCA-mutation carriers as compared to sporadic tumours. Underexpressed genes included PGR and RB1, while overexpressed genes included genes reported to be associated resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors (e.g. CCNE1, AURKA, and MYC) and several immune-related genes, including CD274 (PD-L1) and PDCD1 (PD-1). Additionally, 11 out of 18 genes included in the Tumor Inflammation Signature were significantly more expressed in tumours diagnosed in BRCA-mutation carriers as compared to tumours diagnosed in patients not known to be BRCA-mutation carriers. Conclusions: In this observational study HR+/HER2- breast cancers arising in BRCA- mutation carriers showed lower PgR expression, enrichment in non-luminal aggressive intrinsic subtypes, and higher expression in genes associated with resistance to CdK4/6 inhibitors and in immune-related genes compared to sporadic tumours. If confirmed in larger cohorts, these data suggest that HR+/HER2- breast cancers arising in BRCA- mutation carriers may require tailored therapeutic strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/92469