The purpose of this dissertation is to describe the ground effect and how it can be exploited in motor racing, with particular attention to Formula 1, and in aeronautics. The use of wing profiles to create greater aerodynamic load and the consequent exploitation of ground effect were introduced in Formula 1 around the 1960s and revolutionised the design of single-seaters. For safety reasons, however, they were banned by regulations for over 40 years. The 2022-2025 regulations cycle has, however, reintroduced ground effect as the main aerodynamic phenomenon to be exploited. Particular attention is therefore required during the design phase of single-seater wing profiles, which must be able to balance extreme speeds on the straights and in the curved sections of the tracks where Formula 1 Grand Prix races are held. In the world of aeronautics, however, ground effect is present both as a natural effect that must be properly managed and controlled, especially during take-off and landing, and as an effect that can be exploited to obtain advantages in terms of lift generated and maximum load that can be carried for a given wing area. The natural effect is intrinsic to the flight phase near the ground of any aircraft, whether fixed-wing or rotary-wing. Flying at low altitudes allows for greater lift to be generated with the same power output but lowers the critical stall angle of attack by a few degrees, making the take-off phase particularly delicate. Furthermore, in VTOL aircraft with vertical take-off, the airflows accelerated by the exhaust of the engines located under the wings, in ground effect conditions, can create an effect opposite to lift and pull the aircraft downwards. Subsequently, aircraft specifically designed to exploit ground effect were analysed. With the same lift produced, they have smaller wings than conventional aircraft, but in order to exploit this advantage to the full, the aircraft must still be of considerable size. Finally, an assessment was made of the advantages and disadvantages of this type of aircraft and their potential for the future.
Il presente elaborato ha come scopo la descrizione dell’effetto suolo e come può venire sfruttato nel campo dell’automobilismo, con particolare attenzione alla Formula 1, e nel campo dell’aeronautica. L’utilizzo di profili alari per creare maggior carico aerodinamico e il conseguente sfruttamento dell’effetto suolo vennero introdotti in Formula 1 attorno agli anni ’60 e rivoluzionarono la progettazione delle monoposto. Per ragioni di sicurezza però, la loro vita durò fintanto che non vennero vietate da regolamento per oltre 40 anni. Il ciclo di regolamenti 2022-2025 ha però reintrodotto l’effetto suolo come principale fenomeno aerodinamico da sfruttare. Particolare attenzione è quindi necessaria durante la fase di progettazione e design dei profili alari delle monoposto, che dovranno saper bilanciare estreme velocità sui rettilinei e nei tratti curvilinei dei tracciati dove si svolgono i Gran Premi di Formula 1. Nel mondo dell’aeronautica, invece, l’effetto suolo è presente sia come effetto naturale che dev’essere propriamente gestito e controllato soprattutto in fase di decollo ed atterraggio, sia come effetto da poter sfruttare per ottenere vantaggi in termini di portanza generata e carico massimo trasportabile a parità di superfice alare. L’effetto naturale è intrinseco alla fase di volo nelle vicinanze del terreno di un qualsiasi velivolo, sia che questo sia ad ala fissa che a pale rotanti. Il volo a basse altitudini permette di generare maggiore portanza a parità di potenza erogata, ma abbassa di qualche grado l’angolo di attacco critico di stallo, rendendo la fase di decollo particolarmente delicata. Nei velivoli VTOL a decollo verticale, inoltre, i flussi d’aria accelerati dallo scarico dei motori posti sotto le ali, in condizioni di effetto suolo, possono creare un effetto opposto alla portanza e attirare verso il basso l’aeromobile. In seguito, si sono analizzati i velivoli appositamente pensati e progettati per sfruttare l’effetto suolo. A parità di portanza prodotta presentano una dimensione delle ali minori rispetto ad aeromobili convenzionali, ma per poter sfruttare questo vantaggio al meglio è comunque necessario che il velivolo abbia dimensioni importanti. Infine, è stata fatta una valutazione dei vantaggi e degli svantaggi di questo tipo di velivoli e le loro potenzialità in ottica futura.
Effetto suolo: dall'automobilismo all'aeronautica
BERNO, MARCO
2024/2025
Abstract
The purpose of this dissertation is to describe the ground effect and how it can be exploited in motor racing, with particular attention to Formula 1, and in aeronautics. The use of wing profiles to create greater aerodynamic load and the consequent exploitation of ground effect were introduced in Formula 1 around the 1960s and revolutionised the design of single-seaters. For safety reasons, however, they were banned by regulations for over 40 years. The 2022-2025 regulations cycle has, however, reintroduced ground effect as the main aerodynamic phenomenon to be exploited. Particular attention is therefore required during the design phase of single-seater wing profiles, which must be able to balance extreme speeds on the straights and in the curved sections of the tracks where Formula 1 Grand Prix races are held. In the world of aeronautics, however, ground effect is present both as a natural effect that must be properly managed and controlled, especially during take-off and landing, and as an effect that can be exploited to obtain advantages in terms of lift generated and maximum load that can be carried for a given wing area. The natural effect is intrinsic to the flight phase near the ground of any aircraft, whether fixed-wing or rotary-wing. Flying at low altitudes allows for greater lift to be generated with the same power output but lowers the critical stall angle of attack by a few degrees, making the take-off phase particularly delicate. Furthermore, in VTOL aircraft with vertical take-off, the airflows accelerated by the exhaust of the engines located under the wings, in ground effect conditions, can create an effect opposite to lift and pull the aircraft downwards. Subsequently, aircraft specifically designed to exploit ground effect were analysed. With the same lift produced, they have smaller wings than conventional aircraft, but in order to exploit this advantage to the full, the aircraft must still be of considerable size. Finally, an assessment was made of the advantages and disadvantages of this type of aircraft and their potential for the future.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/92742