Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most widespread sexually transmitted infection globally. It is now recognized as a significant risk factor in both sexes for the development of benign and malignant conditions affecting the genital tract, the oropharyngeal region, and the skin; it is also important for its association with male infertility. Although research and prevention strategies have historically focused on the female population, men represent both a clinically at-risk group and active vectors of viral transmission. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in assessing the potential role of HPV vaccination as an adjuvant strategy to enhance viral clearance in men who are already infected. Methods: A total of 571 HPV-positive male patients were enrolled at the Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine for infertility, screening, anogenital warts, or HPV-positive partners. Genotyping was performed on semen samples and/or balanopreputial, anal, and oral swabs. A subgroup of 100 patients received the nonavalent HPV vaccine (Gardasil 9®) off-label as an adjuvant regimen. The aims of the study were to describe the characteristics of the examinated HPV-positive male population and to evaluate the impact of vaccination on the clearance of vaccine-targeted genotypes, as well as potential cross-reactivity against non-vaccine genotypes. Results: In our cohort of 100 male patients who received at least two doses of the nonavalent HPV vaccine (Gardasil 9®), 76% achieved clearance of at least one viral genotype. Among the 60 patients who had at least one vaccine-targeted genotype at baseline (T0), 65% showed clearance of at least one of these genotypes, with a median clearance time of 168 days. In the 72 patients with at least one non-vaccine genotype at T0, 73.6% achieved clearance of at least one non-vaccine genotype, with a median clearance time of 110 days. The analysis of individual genotype incidence showed a decrease in the prevalence of all vaccine genotypes from baseline to post-vaccination, and also a reduction in the incidence of some non-vaccine genotypes such as HPV 66, HPV 51, and HPV 54. These findings suggest that the nonavalent vaccine may not only facilitate the clearance of vaccine-included genotypes but may also induce a potential cross-protection effect against non-vaccine genotypes. Conclusions: The high prevalence of oncogenic HPV genotypes observed in the examinated HPV-positive male population highlights the importance of extending vaccination and prevention strategies to men. Furthermore, our results support the role of the nonavalent HPV vaccine not only as a well-established preventive tool but also as a potential adjuvant strategy in already infected patients, by facilitating the clearance of vaccine-targeted genotypes and potentially promoting clearance of non-vaccine genotypes as well.
Background: l’infezione da Papillomavirus umano (HPV) è una delle infezioni sessualmente trasmesse più diffuse a livello globale. Ad oggi è riconosciuta come un rilevante fattore di rischio in entrambi i sessi per lo sviluppo di patologie benigne e maligne a carico dell’apparato genitale, del distretto orofaringeo e cutaneo; rilevante è anche la sua correlazione con l’infertilità maschile. Sebbene l’attenzione della ricerca e della prevenzione sia stata storicamente focalizzata sulla popolazione femminile, l’uomo costituisce sia un soggetto a rischio clinico che un veicolo di trasmissione. Negli ultimi anni è emerso un crescente interesse verso la valutazione dell’efficacia della vaccinazione anti-HPV anche in popolazioni maschili già infette, come potenziale strumento adiuvante nel favorire la clearance virale. Metodi: Sono stati arruolati 571 pazienti maschi HPV-positivi, afferiti all’Unità di Andrologia e Medicina della Riproduzione per infertilità, screening, condilomi o partner infetta/o. La genotipizzazione è stata eseguita su liquido seminale e/o tamponi balano-prepuziali, anali e orali. Una sottopopolazione di 100 soggetti è stata sottoposta a vaccinazione con Gardasil 9, in regime adiuvante off-label. Obiettivi dello studio sono osservare le caratteristiche della popolazione maschile HPV-positiva presa in esame e valutare l’impatto del vaccino sulla clearance dei ceppi vaccinali, oltre che la sua possibile cross-reattività verso ceppi non vaccinali. Risultati: Nella nostra coorte di 100 pazienti maschi sottoposti ad almeno due dosi di vaccino anti-HPV nonavalente (Gardasil 9®), il 76% ha mostrato clearance di almeno un ceppo virale. Tra i 60 pazienti che al tempo iniziale (T0) presentavano almeno un ceppo vaccinale, il 65% ha ottenuto la clearance di almeno un ceppo vaccinale, con una mediana del tempo di clearance di almeno un ceppo pari a 168 giorni. Nei 72 pazienti con almeno un ceppo non vaccinale al T0, il 73,6% ha mostrato clearance di almeno un genotipo, con una mediana di 110 giorni per la clearance di almeno un ceppo. L'analisi dell'incidenza dei singoli genotipi ha inoltre evidenziato una riduzione di incidenza di tutti i ceppi vaccinali dal tempo T0 al tempo post vaccino e anche una variazione di incidenza negativa di ceppi non vaccinali come HPV 66, HPV51, HPV54. I dati raccolti suggeriscono che la vaccinazione nonavalente potrebbe non solo facilitare la clearance dei ceppi contenuti nel vaccino, ma anche indurre una possibile cross-protezione contro ceppi non inclusi nella formulazione vaccinale. Conclusioni: L’alta incidenza di genotipi oncogeni osservata nella popolazione maschile HPV-positiva considerata sottolinea l’importanza di estendere i programmi di prevenzione e vaccinazione anche agli uomini. In aggiunta, i risultati supportano il ruolo del vaccino nonavalente non solo come strumento di consolidata efficacia preventiva, ma anche come possibile opzione adiuvante in pazienti già infetti, in quanto faciliterebbe la clearance di ceppi vaccinali e potrebbe favorire inoltre la clearance di ceppi non vaccinali.
Vaccinazione anti-HPV: clearance dei ceppi vaccinali e cross-reattività.
FAGGION, SOFIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most widespread sexually transmitted infection globally. It is now recognized as a significant risk factor in both sexes for the development of benign and malignant conditions affecting the genital tract, the oropharyngeal region, and the skin; it is also important for its association with male infertility. Although research and prevention strategies have historically focused on the female population, men represent both a clinically at-risk group and active vectors of viral transmission. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in assessing the potential role of HPV vaccination as an adjuvant strategy to enhance viral clearance in men who are already infected. Methods: A total of 571 HPV-positive male patients were enrolled at the Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine for infertility, screening, anogenital warts, or HPV-positive partners. Genotyping was performed on semen samples and/or balanopreputial, anal, and oral swabs. A subgroup of 100 patients received the nonavalent HPV vaccine (Gardasil 9®) off-label as an adjuvant regimen. The aims of the study were to describe the characteristics of the examinated HPV-positive male population and to evaluate the impact of vaccination on the clearance of vaccine-targeted genotypes, as well as potential cross-reactivity against non-vaccine genotypes. Results: In our cohort of 100 male patients who received at least two doses of the nonavalent HPV vaccine (Gardasil 9®), 76% achieved clearance of at least one viral genotype. Among the 60 patients who had at least one vaccine-targeted genotype at baseline (T0), 65% showed clearance of at least one of these genotypes, with a median clearance time of 168 days. In the 72 patients with at least one non-vaccine genotype at T0, 73.6% achieved clearance of at least one non-vaccine genotype, with a median clearance time of 110 days. The analysis of individual genotype incidence showed a decrease in the prevalence of all vaccine genotypes from baseline to post-vaccination, and also a reduction in the incidence of some non-vaccine genotypes such as HPV 66, HPV 51, and HPV 54. These findings suggest that the nonavalent vaccine may not only facilitate the clearance of vaccine-included genotypes but may also induce a potential cross-protection effect against non-vaccine genotypes. Conclusions: The high prevalence of oncogenic HPV genotypes observed in the examinated HPV-positive male population highlights the importance of extending vaccination and prevention strategies to men. Furthermore, our results support the role of the nonavalent HPV vaccine not only as a well-established preventive tool but also as a potential adjuvant strategy in already infected patients, by facilitating the clearance of vaccine-targeted genotypes and potentially promoting clearance of non-vaccine genotypes as well.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93046