Background: Outpatient operative hysteroscopy is a well-established procedure in gynecological practice, yet pain remains a major limitation that may compromise patient compliance and procedural success. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies have been proposed to minimize discomfort, including vaginoscopy, the use of small-caliber instruments, and music. More recently, virtual reality (VR) has emerged as an innovative non-pharmacological tool for pain management, with proven efficacy across various medical settings; however, evidence in operative hysteroscopy remains limited. Aim of the study: The primary objective was to evaluate whether VR reduces pain perception during operative hysteroscopy. Secondary aims included assessing the feasibility of performing the procedure with a VR headset, comparing procedural times, analyzing the need for additional medications, and exploring the potential influence of endometrial polyp size on perceived pain. Materials and Methods: This was a monocentric, interventional, semi-randomized trial conducted at the Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic of the Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua. A total of 75 women scheduled for outpatient operative hysteroscopy were enrolled and randomized into two groups: the VR group (n = 35) and the control group (n = 40). Exclusion criteria included intrauterine non-mucosal pathologies, pregnancy, an NRS score ≥ 7 or vasovagal reaction during diagnostic hysteroscopy, ASA ≥ 3, and motion sickness elicited by electronic devices. All patients received a paracervical block and intravenous paracetamol as baseline analgesia; if required, midazolam and/or fentanyl were administered. Patients in the VR group wore a headset displaying immersive natural landscapes throughout the procedure. Pain intensity was assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) both during and at the end of the procedure. Additional data collected included procedural times, administration of supplementary medications, and premature termination of the procedure. Results: Seventy-five women were included in the final analysis. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable between groups. The mean NRS score was significantly lower (p<0.01) in the VR group both intraoperatively (2.86 ± 1.85 vs. 5.58 ± 2.25) and at the end of the procedure (2.17 ± 1.52 vs. 4.45 ± 2.43). Severe pain (NRS ≥ 7) was reported during the procedure by 15 patients (38%) in the control group compared with 1 patient (3%) in the VR group. Two control patients (5%) discontinued the procedure due to intolerable pain, while none in the VR group did so. Most VR patients (31, 89%) required only paracervical block, whereas additional medication was more frequently administered in the control group (15, 37.5%) (p<0.01). Procedural times were similar between groups, with no significant differences in total operating time or surgical time. Polyp size was also comparable and had no impact on pain perception. VR was well tolerated, with 35 of 37 women (94.6%) completing the procedure and no adverse events reported. Conclusions: The use of VR during outpatient operative hysteroscopy is feasible, well tolerated, and associated with a significant reduction in pain perception. Patients in the VR group reported lower NRS scores, fewer episodes of severe pain, and less need for additional medication, without prolonging procedural times. These findings support VR as a promising non-pharmacological adjunct for pain management in hysteroscopic procedures, warranting further validation in larger multicenter trials.
Presupposti dello studio: L’isteroscopia operativa ambulatoriale è una procedura ormai consolidata nella pratica ginecologica, ma il dolore rappresenta ancora una delle principali limitazioni, in grado di compromettere la compliance delle pazienti e il successo della procedura. Sono state proposte diverse strategie farmacologiche e non farmacologiche per ridurre il discomfort, tra cui la vaginoscopia, l’utilizzo di strumenti di piccolo calibro e la musicoterapia. Più recentemente, la realtà virtuale (VR) è emersa come strumento innovativo di supporto non farmacologico al controllo del dolore, con efficacia dimostrata in vari contesti medici; tuttavia, le evidenze specifiche nell’isteroscopia operativa rimangono limitate. Obiettivi dello studio: lo scopo primario è stato valutare se l’impiego della VR riducesse la percezione del dolore durante l’isteroscopia operativa. Gli obiettivi secondari comprendevano la valutazione della fattibilità della procedura con visore VR, il confronto dei tempi operatori, l’analisi del fabbisogno di farmaci aggiuntivi e l’eventuale influenza delle dimensioni dei polipi endometriali sulla percezione del dolore. Materiali e Metodi: È uno studio monocentrico, interventistico e semirandomizzato condotto presso la Clinica Ginecologica e Ostetrica del Dipartimento della Salute della Donna e del Bambino dell’Università di Padova. Sono state arruolate 75 donne candidate a isteroscopia operativa ambulatoriale, randomizzate in due gruppi: gruppo VR (n = 35) e gruppo controllo (n = 40). I criteri di esclusione comprendevano patologie intrauterine non mucosali, gravidanza, punteggio NRS≥7 o reazione vagale in isteroscopia diagnostica, ASA ≥ 3 e cinetosi indotta da dispositivi elettronici. Tutte le pazienti hanno ricevuto blocco paracervicale e paracetamolo ev. come analgesia di base; se necessario somministrati midazolam e/o fentanil. Le pazienti del gruppo VR indossavano un visore con paesaggi naturali immersivi per tutta la durata della procedura. L’intensità del dolore è stata valutata con scala NRS durante e alla fine. Sono stati inoltre raccolti dati su tempi operatori, somministrazione di farmaci aggiuntivi e interruzioni precoci della procedura. Risultati: Le caratteristiche demografiche e cliniche di base erano sovrapponibili nei due gruppi. Il punteggio medio NRS è risultato significativamente più basso nel gruppo VR sia quello intraoperatorio (2,86 ± 1,85 vs 5,58 ± 2,25) sia al termine della procedura (2,17 ± 1,52 vs 4,45 ± 2,43). Dolore severo (NRS ≥7) è stato riportato da 15 pazienti (38%) nel gruppo controllo rispetto a 1(3%) nel gruppo VR. Due pazienti del gruppo controllo (5%) hanno interrotto prematuramente la procedura per dolore intollerabile, mentre nessuna nel gruppo VR. La maggior parte delle pazienti VR (31, 89%) ha richiesto esclusivamente blocco paracervicale, mentre la somministrazione di farmaci aggiuntivi è stata più frequente nel gruppo controllo (15, 37,5%) (p<0,01). I tempi operatori e chirurgici sono risultati simili tra i gruppi, senza differenze significative. Le dimensioni dei polipi non hanno influenzato la percezione del dolore. La VR è risultata ben tollerata: 35/37 (94,6%) hanno completato la procedura senza eventi avversi. Conclusione: L’utilizzo della VR durante l’isteroscopia operativa ambulatoriale si è dimostrato fattibile, ben tollerato e associato a una significativa riduzione della percezione del dolore, riportando punteggi NRS più bassi e minor ricorso a farmaci aggiuntivi, senza prolungare i tempi operatori. Questi risultati supportano la VR come potenziale strumento non farmacologico complementare nel controllo del dolore in isteroscopia, da confermare con studi multicentrici di più ampia scala.
VISTA study: VIrtual reality for hysteroscopic Surgery with Topical Analgesia
MISTRUZZI, FRANCESCA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Outpatient operative hysteroscopy is a well-established procedure in gynecological practice, yet pain remains a major limitation that may compromise patient compliance and procedural success. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies have been proposed to minimize discomfort, including vaginoscopy, the use of small-caliber instruments, and music. More recently, virtual reality (VR) has emerged as an innovative non-pharmacological tool for pain management, with proven efficacy across various medical settings; however, evidence in operative hysteroscopy remains limited. Aim of the study: The primary objective was to evaluate whether VR reduces pain perception during operative hysteroscopy. Secondary aims included assessing the feasibility of performing the procedure with a VR headset, comparing procedural times, analyzing the need for additional medications, and exploring the potential influence of endometrial polyp size on perceived pain. Materials and Methods: This was a monocentric, interventional, semi-randomized trial conducted at the Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic of the Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua. A total of 75 women scheduled for outpatient operative hysteroscopy were enrolled and randomized into two groups: the VR group (n = 35) and the control group (n = 40). Exclusion criteria included intrauterine non-mucosal pathologies, pregnancy, an NRS score ≥ 7 or vasovagal reaction during diagnostic hysteroscopy, ASA ≥ 3, and motion sickness elicited by electronic devices. All patients received a paracervical block and intravenous paracetamol as baseline analgesia; if required, midazolam and/or fentanyl were administered. Patients in the VR group wore a headset displaying immersive natural landscapes throughout the procedure. Pain intensity was assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) both during and at the end of the procedure. Additional data collected included procedural times, administration of supplementary medications, and premature termination of the procedure. Results: Seventy-five women were included in the final analysis. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable between groups. The mean NRS score was significantly lower (p<0.01) in the VR group both intraoperatively (2.86 ± 1.85 vs. 5.58 ± 2.25) and at the end of the procedure (2.17 ± 1.52 vs. 4.45 ± 2.43). Severe pain (NRS ≥ 7) was reported during the procedure by 15 patients (38%) in the control group compared with 1 patient (3%) in the VR group. Two control patients (5%) discontinued the procedure due to intolerable pain, while none in the VR group did so. Most VR patients (31, 89%) required only paracervical block, whereas additional medication was more frequently administered in the control group (15, 37.5%) (p<0.01). Procedural times were similar between groups, with no significant differences in total operating time or surgical time. Polyp size was also comparable and had no impact on pain perception. VR was well tolerated, with 35 of 37 women (94.6%) completing the procedure and no adverse events reported. Conclusions: The use of VR during outpatient operative hysteroscopy is feasible, well tolerated, and associated with a significant reduction in pain perception. Patients in the VR group reported lower NRS scores, fewer episodes of severe pain, and less need for additional medication, without prolonging procedural times. These findings support VR as a promising non-pharmacological adjunct for pain management in hysteroscopic procedures, warranting further validation in larger multicenter trials.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93051