BACKGROUND Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular heart disease in the general population, with an estimated prevalence of 2.6%. While the condition generally follows a benign course, a subset of patients exhibits a malignant phenotype known as arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse (AMVP), which is associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death. This phenotype is characterized by specific morpho-functional abnormalities of the mitral annulus (MAD and curling) and structural myocardial changes (LGE in the left ventricle). Furthermore, electrocardiographic abnormalities in ventricular repolarization, mainly located in the inferior leads, have frequently been reported and may represent the first diagnostic red flag of this clinical entity. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was, firstly, to provide the ECG characterization of patients affected by AMVP. Secondly, it aimed to define the substrate of the well-known ventricular repolarization abnormalities, in particular T-wave inversion (TWI) in the inferior leads, by evaluating their association with MVP-related morpho-functional abnormalities and the three-dimensional orientation of the heart within the mediastinum, as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). METHODS This retrospective study included patients referred to the Cardiology Department of the University of Padua (from September 2010 to June 2025) with a definite echocardiographic diagnosis of classical MVP, without hemodynamically significant mitral regurgitation or other major cardiac conditions, who underwent CMR due to a high burden of VAs. For the purposes of this study, all 12-lead ECGs were analyzed and CMR images were re-evaluated, focusing not only on traditional morpho-functional parameters but also on the three-dimensional orientation of the heart within the mediastinum, in terms of lateral and sagittal displacement. RESULTS The study included a total of 81 patients (64% female, median age of 44 years) affected by AMVP. A normal ECG was observed in 36 patients (44%). Those showing ECG abnormalities presented with: first degree atrioventricular block (10%), prolonged QTc interval (4%), QRS fragmentation (3%), incomplete right bundle branch block (12%), low QRS voltages (16%) and T-wave abnormalities in the inferior leads (inverted or flat inferior T-waves in 11% and 12% of patients, respectively) and lateral leads (inverted or flat lateral T-waves in 4% and 7% of patients, respectively). The presence of inferior TWI was significantly associated with greater excursion of both mitral valve leaflets (anterior leaflet excursion: 5 vs 3 mm, p=0.006; posterior leaflet excursion: 10 vs 6 mm, p=0.005) and with a “vertical” heart (sagittal displacement angle: median 29° vs 21°, p=0.031) with a medially displaced sagittal long axis (lateral displacement angle: median 37° vs 43°, p=0.026; lateral displacement ratio: median 39% vs 56%, p=0.025). The degree of posterior mitral leaflet excursion and the sagittal orientation of the heart remained independent predictors of inferior TWI at multivariate analysis (OR 1.49, p=0.04 and OR 1.16, p=0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Ventricular repolarization abnormalities, particularly in the inferior leads, represent a frequently observed electrocardiographic pattern in patients with AMVP. The presence of inferior TWI is mainly influenced by the extensive functional stress the left ventricular inferior wall is subjected to, expressed by the greater degree of mitral leaflets excursion, combined with a proper three-dimensional orientation of the heart, characterized by a more vertical position with the apex pointing towards the sternum, which leads to a posterior location of the “inferior” LV wall.
INTRODUZIONE Il prolasso valvolare mitralico (PVM) rappresenta la valvulopatia più frequente nella popolazione, con una prevalenza stimata del 2.6%. Nonostante il decorso clinico sia benigno per la maggior parte dei soggetti affetti, vi è un sottogruppo di pazienti che presenta un fenotipo maligno, definito PVM aritmico (PVMA), ad aumentato rischio di aritmie ventricolari (AV) e morte cardiaca improvvisa. Quest’ultimo è caratterizzato da alterazioni morfo-funzionali dell’annulus mitralico (MAD e curling) e strutturali del miocardio (LGE nel ventricolo sinistro). Inoltre, nell’ECG a 12 derivazioni sono state descritte anomalie di ripolarizzazione ventricolare, soprattutto nelle derivazioni inferiori, che possono rappresentare il primo sospetto diagnostico di questo fenotipo. SCOPO DELLO STUDIO Questo studio si è proposto, in primo luogo, di fornire una descrizione dei pattern elettrocardiografici nei pazienti affetti da PVMA. Secondariamente, si è posto l’obiettivo di definire il substrato delle note anomalie di ripolarizzazione ventricolare, in particolare l’inversione delle onde T (TWI) nelle derivazioni inferiori, valutandone l’associazione con le alterazioni morfo-funzionali correlate al PVM e l’orientamento tridimensionale del cuore nel mediastino, indagati mediante risonanza magnetica cardiaca (RMC). MATERIALI E METODI È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo su pazienti indirizzati presso la Clinica Cardiologica dell’AOUP (da settembre 2010 a giugno 2025) con diagnosi di PVM classico, in assenza di insufficienza mitralica emodinamicamente significativa o altre patologie cardiache di rilievo, sottoposti a RMC in seguito al riscontro di un alto carico di AV. Ai fini di questo studio sono stati analizzati tutti gli ECG a 12 derivazioni e sono state rivalutate le immagini di RMC esaminando, oltre ai tradizionali parametri, anche l’orientamento tridimensionale del cuore nel mediastino, in termini di displacement laterale e sagittale. RISULTATI La popolazione oggetto di studio è composta da un totale di 81 pazienti (64% di sesso femminile, età mediana di 44 anni) affetti da PVMA. 36 pazienti (44%) presentavano un ECG nei limiti di norma. Tra le alterazioni riscontrate vi sono: blocco atrio-ventricolare di primo grado (10%), intervallo QTc prolungato (4%), frammentazione del QRS (3%), BBDx incompleto (12%), bassi voltaggi del QRS (16%) e anomalie delle onde T nelle derivazioni inferiori (onde T invertite o piatte inferiori nell’11% e 12% dei pazienti, rispettivamente) e laterali (onde T invertite o piatte laterali nel 4% e nel 7% dei soggetti, rispettivamente). La presenza di TWI inferiori è risultata significativamente correlata con una maggiore escursione di entrambi i lembi mitralici (escursione lembo anteriore: 5 vs 3 mm, p=0.006; escursione lembo posteriore: 10 vs 6 mm, p=0.005) e con un cuore posizionato più verticalmente (angolo di displacement sagittale: mediana di 29° vs 21°, p=0.031) con l’asse lungo sagittale orientato medialmente (angolo di displacement laterale: mediana di 37° vs 43°, p=0.026; rapporto di displacement laterale: mediana 39% vs 56%, p=0.025). Il grado di escursione del LMP e l’orientamento sagittale del cuore si sono confermati predittori indipendenti di TWI inferiori all’analisi multivariata (OR 1.49, p=0.04 e OR 1.16, p=0.03, rispettivamente). CONCLUSIONI Le anomalie di ripolarizzazione ventricolare, soprattutto in sede inferiore, rappresentano un pattern elettrocardiografico frequentemente riscontrato nei pazienti affetti da PVMA. I principali determinanti di TWI inferiori sono il significativo stress funzionale a cui è sottoposta la parete inferiore del ventricolo sinistro, espresso da un maggior grado di escursione dei lembi mitralici, in associazione ad un opportuno orientamento tridimensionale del cuore, più verticale e con l’apice che punta verso lo sterno, che determina un’angolazione posteriore della stessa.
Pattern elettrocardiografici in pazienti affetti da prolasso valvolare maligno: studio di correlazione clinico-patologico
PELLIZZARI, MICHELLE
2024/2025
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular heart disease in the general population, with an estimated prevalence of 2.6%. While the condition generally follows a benign course, a subset of patients exhibits a malignant phenotype known as arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse (AMVP), which is associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death. This phenotype is characterized by specific morpho-functional abnormalities of the mitral annulus (MAD and curling) and structural myocardial changes (LGE in the left ventricle). Furthermore, electrocardiographic abnormalities in ventricular repolarization, mainly located in the inferior leads, have frequently been reported and may represent the first diagnostic red flag of this clinical entity. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was, firstly, to provide the ECG characterization of patients affected by AMVP. Secondly, it aimed to define the substrate of the well-known ventricular repolarization abnormalities, in particular T-wave inversion (TWI) in the inferior leads, by evaluating their association with MVP-related morpho-functional abnormalities and the three-dimensional orientation of the heart within the mediastinum, as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). METHODS This retrospective study included patients referred to the Cardiology Department of the University of Padua (from September 2010 to June 2025) with a definite echocardiographic diagnosis of classical MVP, without hemodynamically significant mitral regurgitation or other major cardiac conditions, who underwent CMR due to a high burden of VAs. For the purposes of this study, all 12-lead ECGs were analyzed and CMR images were re-evaluated, focusing not only on traditional morpho-functional parameters but also on the three-dimensional orientation of the heart within the mediastinum, in terms of lateral and sagittal displacement. RESULTS The study included a total of 81 patients (64% female, median age of 44 years) affected by AMVP. A normal ECG was observed in 36 patients (44%). Those showing ECG abnormalities presented with: first degree atrioventricular block (10%), prolonged QTc interval (4%), QRS fragmentation (3%), incomplete right bundle branch block (12%), low QRS voltages (16%) and T-wave abnormalities in the inferior leads (inverted or flat inferior T-waves in 11% and 12% of patients, respectively) and lateral leads (inverted or flat lateral T-waves in 4% and 7% of patients, respectively). The presence of inferior TWI was significantly associated with greater excursion of both mitral valve leaflets (anterior leaflet excursion: 5 vs 3 mm, p=0.006; posterior leaflet excursion: 10 vs 6 mm, p=0.005) and with a “vertical” heart (sagittal displacement angle: median 29° vs 21°, p=0.031) with a medially displaced sagittal long axis (lateral displacement angle: median 37° vs 43°, p=0.026; lateral displacement ratio: median 39% vs 56%, p=0.025). The degree of posterior mitral leaflet excursion and the sagittal orientation of the heart remained independent predictors of inferior TWI at multivariate analysis (OR 1.49, p=0.04 and OR 1.16, p=0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Ventricular repolarization abnormalities, particularly in the inferior leads, represent a frequently observed electrocardiographic pattern in patients with AMVP. The presence of inferior TWI is mainly influenced by the extensive functional stress the left ventricular inferior wall is subjected to, expressed by the greater degree of mitral leaflets excursion, combined with a proper three-dimensional orientation of the heart, characterized by a more vertical position with the apex pointing towards the sternum, which leads to a posterior location of the “inferior” LV wall.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93318